117 research outputs found
O modelo Anova de Kelley: Análise, críticas e alternativas
In this article, the author claims that a
harmful assimetry has been growing in Attribution
Theory literature. This assimetry is
characterized by a great multitude of empirical
research and by a very scarce conceptual
production. As an attempt to counter this
state of affairs, the author provides a detailed
analysis of the theoretical process of generation
and development of Kelley's ANOVA
model, criticizes it and presents two alternative
Attribution models (Saspar's inductive
Logical Model and present author's «Method
of Differences» - based Model). The main
insufficiences of these lines of work are also
spelled out. Finally, the author tries to antecipate
what steps are to be taken to overcome
these insufficiences. Specifically it is argued
that the commonsense process of explaining
events should be viewed as a knowledge-based
inference process and the lay attributor as an
hypothesis tester
Both associative activation and thematic extraction count, but thematic false memories are more easily rejected
The main aim of this study was to analyse the roles played by associative activation and thematic
extraction in the explanation of false memories using the Deese, Roediger, McDermott (DRM)
paradigm. Associative lists with two different types of critical items (CIs) were used: one, the associative
CI, corresponded to the word most strongly primed by the associates in the list and another, the thematic
CI, was the word that best described the theme of the list. Following three different types of encoding
instructions (standard, warning or strategic), false recognition for these two types of CIs was analysed in
either self-paced or speeded response recognition tests. The results showed considerable levels of false
memories for both types of CIs. Even without the quality of being “good themes”, associative CIs
produced high levels of false recognition, which suggests that associative activation plays a prominent
role in false memory formation. More interestingly, thematic CIs were more prone to be edited out,
reinforcing the argument that thematic identifiability has a major role in the rejection of false memories
Activation is not always inference: Word-based priming in spontaneous trait inferences
People infer, without any intention or awareness, personality traits about
actors enacting diagnostic behaviors. This phenomenon is known as spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). The activation of a trait is considered to
be a true inference when it results from processing the meaning of the
whole behavioral description. However, a trait can also become activated
due to intra-lexical associations with individual words in the description.
Here, we suggest a method to distinguish the two sources of activation
and explore the influence that word-based priming has on some of the
most popular paradigms used to study STIs. Results show that in the probe
recognition task, word-based priming plays a considerable role and can, in
the absence of an appropriate control, mimic spontaneous trait inference
occurrence. However, in the false recognition task and in the explicit trait
judgment task, the role of this spurious activation is negligible and the real
trait inference can be easily detected.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Quando uma acção permite diferentes interpretações: Pré-teste de comportamentos ambíguos
O presente trabalho teve como objectivo construir normas de descrições comportamentais ambíguas. Para tal, elaboraram-se 163 descrições de comportamentos, com vista a que cada uma dessas descrições ilustrasse simultaneamente dois traços de personalidade. Os comportamentos foram apresentados a 80 participantes, de forma a verificar em que medida eles seriam considerados igualmente representativos dos dois traços de personalidade. Os resultados respondem ao objectivo, permitindo extrair alguns comportamentos que podem ser considerados ambíguos. O estudo fornece ainda algumas reflexões metodológicas, a ter em consideração quando se pretende utilizar estímulos ambíguos na investigação
Quando uma acção permite diferentes interpretações: Pré-teste de comportamentos ambíguos
O presente trabalho teve como objectivo construir normas de descrições comportamentais ambíguas. Para tal, elaboraram-se 163 descrições de comportamentos, com vista a que cada uma dessas descrições ilustrasse simultaneamente dois traços de personalidade. Os comportamentos foram apresentados a 80 participantes, de forma a verificar em que medida eles seriam considerados igualmente representativos dos dois traços de personalidade. Os resultados respondem ao objectivo, permitindo extrair alguns comportamentos que podem ser considerados ambíguos. O estudo fornece ainda algumas reflexões
metodológicas, a ter em consideração quando se pretende utilizar estímulos ambíguos na investigação
The memory of what we do not recall: Dissociations and theoretical debates in the study of implicit memory
Implicit memory reflects itself on situations in which previously acquired
information is expressed, without awareness or intention. The study of
implicit memory has had a profound impact on how researchers have
investigated the human memory. In this paper, we review the main studies
which have revealed dissociations between direct and indirect tests of
memory, and address the two main theoretical approaches used to explain
these dissociations: the processing view and the multiple systems view. We
then describe recent neuroscience studies and discuss its contributions to
help clarify the debate about the mechanisms involved in explicit and
implicit memory. Finally, we critically analyze some questions and
controversies surrounding this literature, such as (a) the transparency
assumption and the contamination issue; and (b) the theoretical utility of the
dissociations. We emphasize that the biggest challenge for future research is
to develop comprehensive theories that integrate behavioral and
neuroscience findings.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Explaining the persistence of false memories: a proposal based on associative activation and thematic extraction
[EN]This study aimed to analyse the effect of retention intervals on associative and thematic false
memories. Two experiments, using two types of critical items that were either associatively or
thematically related to studied material, were conducted. In both experiments, one group of
participants performed a recognition test immediately after the presentation of lists, and
another group performed the task one week later. In Experiment 1, the recognition test
consisted of pairs of items with four response alternatives (both items had been presented,
only the left item had been presented, only the right item had been presented or none of the
items had been presented). Critical items were also manipulated so that they were either
presented in or absent from the list. In Experiment 2, a standard recognition test that differed
in the mode of presentation was used: self-paced or speeded response. Both experiments
showed that associative critical items were more recognised than thematic critical items in
the immediate condition. However, whereas associative critical items decayed after a one week delay, thematic critical items were similarly recognised at both retention intervals. The
findings of the present study suggest that each type of process – associative and thematic –
behave differently over time
O papel do reconhecimento do acaso no raciocínio indutivo
Segundo Tversky e Kahneman (1974), a actividade inferencial humana baseia-se em grande medida em heurísticas (regras simplificadas de tomada de decisão) que divergem dos princípios estatísticos apropriados ao julgamento na incerteza. No entanto, Nisbett,Krantz, Jepson e Kunda (1983), defenderam que paralelamente às heurísticas não-estatísticas, as pessoas também possuem heurísticas estatísticas (i.e. representações intuitivas e abstractas de certos princípios estatísticos). Fong e Nisbett (1991), sugerem que o uso das heurísticas estatísticas está dependente de regras de codificação (associadas a domínios de conteúdo específicos). Aqui considera-se que o essencial das regrasde codificação é a facilitação do reconhecimento do componente de acaso subjacente aos problemas indutivos. Assim, condições experimentais que facilitem o reconhecimento deste componente aleatório deverãoresultar numa melhoria do desempenho estatístico. Para testar esta hipótese, foram usadas duas manipulações de facilitação do reconhecimento do acaso. Os participantes responderam a um conjunto de problemas indutivos sobre diversos domínios (Desporto, Fidelidade conjugal, Escola, e Saúde), envolvendo vários princípios estatísticos (Lei dos Grandes Números, Regressão à Média, Base-Rates, e Diagnosticidade) antes e após as manipulações (imediatamente ou duas semanas depois). Os resultados revelam uma melhoriano desempenho estatístico para os domínios Fidelidadee Escola, e para os princípios regressão à média ediagnosticidade
Cognitive and contextual variables in sexual partner and relationship perception
Versão pós-printThis study examined the effects of contextual and
cognitive variables for sexual protection on perceived social
relationship factors. University students (108 women and 108
men) read script-based narratives on sexual encounters inwhich
six variables were manipulated in two independent analyses. In
thefirst analysis, fourvariableswere evaluated: relational context
(stable, casual), condom use (yes, no), script terminus (beginning,
middleor end), andthe rater’s sex.Thedependentvariables
were interpersonal perception of one of the characters of the narrative,
and expectations regarding characteristics and future of
the relationship. In the second analysis, two other factors were
manipulated only in the‘‘yes’’condom conditions: communicationstrategy
(verbal,non-verbal)andcondomproponent gender.
Our findings corroborated other studies where condom use was
viewed as unromantic with less positive characteristics for relationships.
Condom proponents, especiallymale, were perceived
as lessromantic,particularlywhenproposingacondomnon-verbally
at the beginning of the encounter. However, the controlled
variables enabled us to proposeways of associating condomuse
withpositive expectationstowards theproponentandthe relationship
itself.Romanticism, expectationof sexual intercourse, emotional
proximity, and expectations of condom use in encounters
where a condom was proposed increased when suggested by a
woman,postponedtotheendof theencounter,andverballymentioned.
Weencouragewomen to take the lead in suggesting condom
use, thus empowering them since they do not have to wait
for the male to make the first move
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