The end-to-end testbed of the Optical Metrology System on-board LISA Pathfinder

LISA Pathfinder is a technology demonstration mission for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The main experiment on-board LISA Pathfinder is the so-called LISA Technology Package (LTP) which has the aim to measure the differential acceleration between two free-falling test masses with an accuracy of 3x10^(-14) ms^(-2)/sqrt[Hz] between 1 mHz and 30 mHz. This measurement is performed interferometrically by the Optical Metrology System (OMS) on-board LISA Pathfinder. In this paper we present the development of an experimental end-to-end testbed of the entire OMS. It includes the interferometer and its sub-units, the interferometer back-end which is a phasemeter and the processing of the phasemeter output data. Furthermore, 3-axes piezo actuated mirrors are used instead of the free-falling test masses for the characterisation of the dynamic behaviour of the system and some parts of the Drag-free and Attitude Control System (DFACS) which controls the test masses and the satellite. The end-to-end testbed includes all parts of the LTP that can reasonably be tested on earth without free-falling test masses. At its present status it consists mainly of breadboard components. Some of those have already been replaced by Engineering Models of the LTP experiment. In the next steps, further Engineering Models and Flight Models will also be inserted in this testbed and tested against well characterised breadboard components. The presented testbed is an important reference for the unit tests and can also be used for validation of the on-board experiment during the mission

Thermal diagnostic of the Optical Window on board LISA Pathfinder

Vacuum conditions inside the LTP Gravitational Reference Sensor must comply with rather demanding requirements. The Optical Window (OW) is an interface which seals the vacuum enclosure and, at the same time, lets the laser beam go through for interferometric Metrology with the test masses. The OW is a plane-parallel plate clamped in a Titanium flange, and is considerably sensitive to thermal and stress fluctuations. It is critical for the required precision measurements, hence its temperature will be carefully monitored in flight. This paper reports on the results of a series of OW characterisation laboratory runs, intended to study its response to selected thermal signals, as well as their fit to numerical models, and the meaning of the latter. We find that a single pole ARMA transfer function provides a consistent approximation to the OW response to thermal excitations, and derive a relationship with the physical processes taking place in the OW. We also show how system noise reduction can be accomplished by means of that transfer function.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures; accepted for publication in Class. Quantum Gra

Copper nanoparticle heterogeneous catalytic 'click' cycloaddition confirmed by single-molecule spectroscopy

Colloidal or heterogeneous nanocatalysts can improve the range and diversity of Cu(I)catalysed click reactions and facilitate catalyst separation and reuse. Catalysis by metal nanoparticles raises the question as to whether heterogeneous catalysts may cause homogeneous catalysis through metal ion leaching, since the catalytic process could be mediated by the particle, or by metal ions released from it. The question is critical as unwanted homogeneous processes could offset the benefits of heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we combine standard bench scale techniques with single-molecule spectroscopy to monitor single catalytic events in real time and demonstrate that click catalysis occurs directly at the surface of copper nanoparticles; this general approach could be implemented in other systems. We use 'from the mole to the molecule' to describe this emerging idea in which mole scale reactions can be optimized through an intimate understanding of the catalytic process at the single-molecule-single catalytic nanoparticle level.The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada supported this work through its Discovery and CREATE programs, while the Canadian Foundation for Innovation enabled the purchase of the instrumentation used in this work. M. L. M. thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte (Programa Salvador de Madariaga) for its financial support.Decan, MR.; Impellizzeri, S.; Marín García, ML.; Scaiano, J. (2014). Copper nanoparticle heterogeneous catalytic 'click' cycloaddition confirmed by single-molecule spectroscopy. Nature Communications. 5:4612-4615. doi:10.1038/ncomms5612S461246155Rostovtsev, V. V., Green, L. G., Fokin, V. V. & Sharpless, K. B. 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Magnetically separable CuFe2O4 nano particles catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in tap water using ‘click chemistry’. Tetrahedron Lett. 53, 4595–4599 (2012).Hudson, R., Li, C. & Moores, A. Magnetic copper–iron nanoparticles as simple heterogeneous catalysts for the azide–alkyne click reaction in water. Green Chem. 14, 622–624 (2012).Sarkar, A., Mukherjee, T. & Kapoor, S. PVP-stabilized copper nanoparticles: a reusable catalyst for ‘click’ reaction between terminal alkynes and azides in nonaqueous solvents. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 3334–3340 (2008).Pacioni, N. L., Filippenko, V., Presseau, N. & Scaiano, J. C. Oxidation of copper nanoparticles in water: mechanistic insights revealed by oxygen uptake and spectroscopic methods. Dalton Trans. 42, 5832–5838 (2013).Davies, I. W., Matty, L., Hughes, D. L. & Reider, P. J. Are heterogeneous catalysts precursors to homogeneous catalysts? J. Am.Chem. Soc. 123, 10139–10140 (2001).Witham, C. A. et al. Converting homogeneous to heterogeneous in electrophilic catalysis using monodisperse metal nanoparticles. Nat. Chem. 2, 36–41 (2010).Schmidt, A. F. & Kurokhtina, A. A. Distinguishing between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms of catalysis in the Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions: problems and prospects. Kinet. Catal. 53, 714–730 (2012).Nishina, Y., Miyata, J., Kawai, R. & Gotoh, K. Recyclable Pd-graphene catalyst: mechanistic insights into heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. RSC Advances 2, 9380–9382 (2012).Esfandiari, N. M. & Blum, S. A. Homogeneous vs heterogeneous polymerization catalysis revealed by single-particle fluorescence microscopy. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 133, 18145–18147 (2011).Hensle, E. M. & Blum, S. A. Phase separation polymerization of dicyclopentadiene characterized by in operando fluorescence microscopy. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 135, 12324–12328 (2013).De Cremer, G. et al. High-resolution single-turnover mapping reveals intraparticle diffusion limitation in Ti-MCM-41-catalyzed epoxidation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 908–911 (2010).Roeffaers, M. B. J. et al. Super-resolution reactivity mapping of nanostructured catalyst particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 9285–9289 (2009).Roeffaers, M. B. J. et al. Spatially resolved observation of crystal-face-dependent catalysis by single turnover counting. Nature 439, 572–575 (2006).Xu, W., Kong, J. S., Yeh, Y.-T.E. & Chen, P. Single-molecule nanocatalysis reveals heterogeneous reaction pathways and catalytic dynamics. Nat. Mater. 7, 992–996 (2008).Zhou, X., Xu, W., Liu, G., Panda, D. & Chen, P. Size-dependent catalytic activity and dynamics of gold nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 132, 138–146 (2010).Zhou, X. et al. Quantitative super-resolution imaging uncovers reactivity patterns on single nanocatalysts. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 237–241 (2012).Chen, P. et al. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging of nanocatalytic processes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 4560–4570 (2010).Chen, P. et al. Spatiotemporal catalytic dynamics within single nanocatalysts revealed by single-molecule microscopy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 1107–1117 (2014).Buurmans, I. L. C. & Weckhuysen, B. M. Heterogeneities of individual catalyst particles in space and time as monitored by spectroscopy. Nat. Chem. 4, 873–886 (2012).Cordes, T. & Blum, S. A. Opportunities and challenges in single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence microscopy for mechanistic studies of chemical reactions. Nat. Chem. 5, 993–999 (2013).Zhou, X., Choudhary, E., Andoy, N. M., Zou, N. & Chen, P. Scalable parallel screening of catalyst activity at the single-particle level and subdiffraction resolution. ACS Catal. 3, 1448–1453 (2013).Esfandiari, N. M. et al. Single-molecule imaging of platinum ligand exchange reaction reveals reactivity distribution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 15167–15169 (2010).Wee, T., Schmidt, L. 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Prevalencia de insuficiencia renal «oculta» en población diabética tipo 2

ObjetivoDeterminar la prevalencia de insuficiencia renal en diabéticos tipo 2 y comparar dos criterios de definición: el basado en la estimación del filtrado glomerular por la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault corregida para la superficie corporal y el basado en la creatinina sérica.DiseñoEstudio descriptivo y transversal.EmplazamientoZona básica del Centro de Salud de El Cristo, Oviedo.ParticipantesLa totalidad de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 diagnosticados de la zona básica.Mediciones principalesSe recogieron datos demográficos, clínicos, factores de riesgo y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se diagnosticó insuficiencia renal (IR) según unas cifras de creatinina plasmática ≥ 1,3 mg/dl en mujeres y ≥ 1,4 mg/dl en varones y según el filtrado glomerular (FG) estimado mediante la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault: moderada para FG, 60-30 ml/min/1,73 m2; grave para FG, 29-15 ml/min/1,73 m2, y terminal para FG, < 15 ml/min/1,73 m2.ResultadosSe incluyó a 499 pacientes. El 52,3% era mujer con una edad de 69,7 ± 0,4 años. La prevalencia de IR según la creatinina sérica fue del 12%, y según la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault del 40,5%. Los pacientes con FG reducido y creatinina normal tenían mayor edad (75,5 ± 7,9 frente a 65,4 ± 9,8 años; p < 0,001), predominaban las mujeres (76,3 frente a 41,7%; p < 0,001), tenían un menor índice de masa corporal (27,3 ± 3,7 frente a 30,9 ± 4,4), presentaban un peor control glucémico (HbA1c 7,1 ± 1,8 frente a 6,9 ± 1,9%; p = 0,007) y la prevalencia de insuficiencia cardíaca era superior (6,4 frente a 2,1%; IC del 95%, 1,1-8,8; p = 0,02) en comparación con los pacientes con FG y creatinina normales.ConclusiónLa estimación del FG por la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault corregida para la superficie corporal muestra una insuficiencia renal no conocida en uno de cada 3 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of renal failure (RF) in type-2 diabetics and to compare two criteria of definition: that based on the calculation of glomerular filtration by the Cockcroft-Gault formula corrected for body surface area and that based on serous creatinine.DesignCross-sectional, descriptive study.SettingEl Cristo Health Centre,Oviedo, north of Spain.ParticipantsAll patients in the catchment area diagnosed with type-2 diabetes.MethodDemographic, clinical, risk factor, and cardiovascular pathology details were gathered. Renal failure was diagnosed on figures of plasma creatinine ≥1.3 mg/dL in women and ≥1.4 mg/dL in men, and glomerular filtration (GF) calculated by means of the Cockcroft-Gault formula: moderate GF, 60-30 mL/min/1.73 m2; severe GF, 29-15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and terminal GF: <15 mL/min/1.73 m2.Results499 patients were included. 52.3% were women, aged 69.7±10.4 years old. Prevalence of RF by serous creatinine was 12%; and by the Cockcroft-Gault formula, 40.5%. Patients with lower glomerular filtration and normal creatinine were older (75.5±7.9 vs 65.4±9.8; P<.001), mainly female (76.3% vs 41.7%; P<.001), had lower BMI (27.3±3.7 vs 30.9±4.4) and had worse glucaemia control (HbA1c 7.1±1.8% vs 6.9±1.9%; P=.007) and higher indices of cardiac failure (6.4% vs 2.1%; 95% CI, 1.1- 8.8; P=.02) than patients with normal glomerular filtration and creatinine.ConclusionCalculation of glomerular filtration by the Cockcroft-Gault formula corrected for body surface area revealed unknown renal failure in 1 in 3 type-2 diabetes patients

Reconstrucción de rotura crónica de tendón distal del bíceps braquial: a propósito de un caso

Las roturas inveteradas o crónicas del tendón distal del bíceps braquial son infrecuentes. Su tratamiento supone un reto importante por el grado de retracción y deficiente calidad del tendón y músculo lesionados, que en ocasiones obligan al empleo de injertos para tratar de restaurar la anatomía y mejorar los resultados funcionales. La tasa de complicaciones en las reparaciones de roturas crónicas es mayor con respecto a las reparaciones de lesiones agudas. Presentamos el caso de una reparación quirúrgica de una rotura crónica de 3 meses de evolución mediante la utilización de aloinjerto liofilizado de Aquiles.Chronic or inveterate disruptions of the distal biceps brachii are uncommon. Treatment remains a major challenge by shrinkage and poor quality of the injured tendon and muscle, which sometimes require the use of grafts to try to restore the anatomy and improve the functional outcomes. The rate of complications in surgical treatment of chronic tears is more than the repairs of acute injuries. We report the case of a surgical reconstruction of a chronic tear three months of evolution using lyophilized Achilles allograft

The GALANTE Photometric System

This paper describes the characterization of the GALANTE photometric system, a seven intermediate- and narrow-band filter system with a wavelength coverage from 3000 $\r{A}$ to 9000 $\r{A}$ . We describe the photometric system presenting the full sensitivity curve as a product of the filter sensitivity, CCD, telescope mirror, and atmospheric transmission curves, as well as some first- and second-order moments of this sensitivity function. The GALANTE photometric system is composed of four filters from the J-PLUS photometric system, a twelve broad-to-narrow filter system, and three exclusive filters, specifically designed to measure the physical parameters of stars such as effective temperature $T_{\rm eff}$, $\log(g)$, metallicity, colour excess $E(4405-5495)$, and extinction type $R_{5495}$. Two libraries, the Next Generation Spectral Library (NGSL) and the one presented in Ma\'iz Apell\'aniz & Weiler (2018), have been used to determine the transformation equations between the Sloan Digital Sky Survey ($\textit{SDSS}$) $\textit{ugriz}$ photometry and the GALANTE photometric system. We will use this transformation to calibrate the zero points of GALANTE images. To this end, a preliminary photometric calibration of GALANTE has been made based on two different $\textit{griz}$ libraries ($\textit{SDSS}$ DR12 and ATLAS All-Sky Stellar Reference Catalog, hereinafter $\textit{RefCat2}$). A comparison between both zero points is performed leading us to the choice of $\textit{RefCat2}$ as the base catalogue for this calibration, and applied to a field in the Cyg OB2 association.Comment: Accepted in MNRA

Spread of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) along the Mediterranean Coast of the Murcia region (SE Spain)

The aim of this paper was to document the appearance and spread of the green alga Caulerpa racemosa along the coast of Murcia in south–eastern Spain. It was found for the first time in the area in 2005 and over the next two years the number of new sightings increased almost exponentially. In the period 2005–2007 the total surface area colonised by the alga in the region was estimated to be at least 265 ha. Benthic assemblages colonised by the alga were rocky bottoms with photophilic algae, dead P. oceanica rhizomes, infralittoral and circalittoral soft bottoms and maerl beds. No penetration of the alga was observed in P. oceanica meadows, except in one locality. Biometric analysis indicated high vegetative development in the established colonies in comparison to those described in other Mediterranean areas. Rapid spreading dynamics observed in the Murcia region is a potential threat for native benthic communities. Key words: Biological invasions, Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea, Colonised surface area, Distribution, Mediterranean Sea, Spain.En el presente trabajo se documenta la aparición y dispersión del alga verde Caulerpa racemosa a lo largo de la costa de Murcia, región situada en el sureste español. El alga fue detectada por primera vez en el año 2005 y durante los dos años consecutivos se observó un crecimiento casi exponencial en el número de áreas colonizadas. La superficie total colonizada por el alga en Murcia durante el periodo 2005–2007 ha sido estimada en 265 ha., siendo las comunidades bentónicas afectadas algas fotófilas sobre sustrato rocoso, "mata muerta" de P. oceanica, fondos blandos infralitorales y circalitorales y fondos con comunidades de maërl. La presencia del alga dentro de praderas de P. oceanica solamente fue detectada en una localidad. Los estudios biométricos realizados muestran un elevado desarrollo vegetativo de las poblaciones de C. racemosa en Murcia en comparación con colonias de otras áreas del Mediterráneo, siendo esta rápida dinámica de expansión una amenaza potencial para las comunidades bentonicas nativas. Palabras clave: Invasiones biológicas, Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea, Superficie colonizada, Mar Mediterraneo, España.The aim of this paper was to document the appearance and spread of the green alga Caulerpa racemosa along the coast of Murcia in south–eastern Spain. It was found for the first time in the area in 2005 and over the next two years the number of new sightings increased almost exponentially. In the period 2005–2007 the total surface area colonised by the alga in the region was estimated to be at least 265 ha. Benthic assemblages colonised by the alga were rocky bottoms with photophilic algae, dead P. oceanica rhizomes, infralittoral and circalittoral soft bottoms and maerl beds. No penetration of the alga was observed in P. oceanica meadows, except in one locality. Biometric analysis indicated high vegetative development in the established colonies in comparison to those described in other Mediterranean areas. Rapid spreading dynamics observed in the Murcia region is a potential threat for native benthic communities. Key words: Biological invasions, Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea, Colonised surface area, Distribution, Mediterranean Sea, Spain

Pressurized water extraction of β-glucan enriched fractions with bile acids-binding capacities obtained from edible mushrooms

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Biotechnology Progress 30.2 (2014): 391-400, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.1865.  This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archivingA pressurized water extraction (PWE) method was developed in order to extract β-glucans with bile acids-binding capacities from cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus) to be used as supplements to design novel foods with hypocholesterolemic properties. Extraction yields were higher in individual than sequential extractions being the optimal extraction parameters: 200ºC, 5 cycles of 5 min each at 10.3 MPa. The crude polysaccharide (PSC) fractions, isolated from the PWE extracts contained mainly β-glucans (including chitooligosaccharides deriving from chitin hydrolysis), -glucans and other PSCs (hetero-/proteo-glucans) depending on the extraction temperature and mushroom strain considered. The observed bile acids-binding capacities of some extracts were similar to a β-glucan enriched fraction obtained from cereals.The research was supported by the European Union within the 7th framework programme (7FM-PEOPLE-2009-IIF project 251285), ALIBIRD-CM S2009/AGR-1469 regional program from the Community of Madrid (Spain) and AGL2010-21537 national R+D program from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. CTICH is also acknowledged for the cultivation and supplying of the mushrooms fruiting bodie