Quirófano modular

El proyecto Quirófano Modular, consiste en el diseño de un bloque quirúrgico dentro de contenedores de carga marítimos. El proyecto se desarrolla utilizando la estructuración de la Metodología Agile y se ha llevado a cabo por un grupo multidisciplinar de la “Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya” de Vilanova i la Geltrú. Durante estos años, se ha podido ver como de forma exponencial han ido aumentado los desastres naturales en todo el mundo. Los países del tercer mundo son los que se ven mas afectados por estos desastres y necesitan una asistencia medica de calidad cuando ocurren las catástrofes. Hay formas de poder ayudar a estos países, como bien es la proporción de hospitales móviles, ofreciendo un servicio medico por todo el mundo. En este proyecto partimos de la adaptación de la estructura de los contenedores marítimos mediante el estudio de los ambientes a los que van a ir destinados, teniendo en cuenta el transporte de estos y el equipo necesario que estos requerirán a fin de poder realizar operaciones básicas necesarias para salvar a los pacientes

Lesión Renal Aguda y Cuidados Críticos: Avances en la Detección Temprana.

Introduction: Acute renal injury, defined as a sharp deterioration of glomerular filtration, in hours or days, which is manifested by an increase in the blood of nitrogenates such as urea and creatinine, is a frequent complication in intensive care unit, Its early prediction is urgent and is a major diagnostic challenge. Objectives: Review literature on acute kidney injury and critical care: advances in early detection. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out, 42 articles from the last 5 years were selected, clinical cases, review studies, meta-analysis, systematic literature review, guidelines, observational studies, Descriptive, retrospective and expert opinions on: acute renal injury and critical care: advances in early detection. Results: Acute renal injury in critical care is associated with poor short- and long-term outcomes, so early detection is paramount, although 10% to 30% of LRA survivors may still need dialysis after hospital discharge. Conclusions: Early prediction of acute renal injury with biomarkers, renal ultrasound studies and development of nomogram models, represent an alternative for patients at high risk of developing acute renal injury and who can be diagnosed earlyIntroducción: La lesión Renal Aguda, se define como un brusco deterioro del filtrado glomerular, en horas o días, que se manifiesta por un aumento en la sangre de nitrogenados como urea y creatinina. Es una complicación frecuente en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, su predicción temprana es urgente y es un gran desafío diagnóstico. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre lesión renal aguda y cuidados críticos: avances en la detección temprana. Materiales y Métodos:  Se realizó una revisión sistemática, se seleccionaron 42 artículos de los últimos 5 años en su gran mayoría con, casos clínicos, estudios de revisión, metaanálisis, revisión sistemática, guías, estudios observacionales, descriptivos, retrospectivos sobre el tema: lesión renal aguda y cuidados críticos: avances en la detección temprana. Resultados: La lesión renal aguda en cuidados críticos, está asociada con malos resultados a corto y largo plazo, por lo que, su detección precoz es algo primordial, no obstante, el 10 % al 30 % de los sobrevivientes de LRA, aún pueden necesitar diálisis después del alta hospitalaria. Conclusiones: La predicción temprana de lesión renal aguda con biomarcadores, estudios de ecografía renal y desarrollo de modelos de nomogramas, representan una alternativa para pacientes con riesgo elevado de desarrollar lesión renal aguda y que pueden ser diagnosticados tempranamente

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations