La bibliothèque dans la ville : du chrono-urbanisme à la chrono-bibliothéconomie

L’irruption du temps dans la conception des villes « Nous ne construisons pas une bibliothèque pour la ville. Nous construisons la ville ». Cette interpellation de Brian Gambles résume ce que nous pourrions nommer la « piste de l’urbanité » qui désigne à la fois un périmètre d’observation (les relations que la bibliothèque entretient avec la réalité urbaine), une méthode pour mener à bien cette observation, enfin une méthode pour repenser les équipements du livre, imaginer ce que pourrait êtr..

Vers une bibliothèque d’univers

Vie urbaine et révolution technologique ont métamorphosé la vie quotidienne. À leur tour, ces nouveaux comportements obligent à repenser de fond en comble la bibliothèque où doivent composer utilisation collective et usages solitaires, et il n’est pas certain que cette obligation se satisfasse d’une simple refonte cosmétique. La définition même de ces équipements pourrait être ébranlée et remise en question

Architecture et bibliothèque

En 2012, l’enssib a saisi l’opportunité de ses vingt ans pour publier dans ses Presses un ouvrage hors collection : "Architecture et bibliothèque, 20 ans de constructions", lequel proposait un tour d’horizon des questions posées par la place du bâtiment dans nos problématiques professionnelles. C’est à partir de points de vue parfois divergents, souvent complémentaires, des architectes, conservateurs de bibliothèques, élus, journaliste et programmiste, que s’ouvrait la réflexion. Dans le prolongement de cet ouvrage, et parce que la question est loin d’être épuisée, la journée « Architecture et bibliothèque » a fait entendre la parole d’architectes bâtisseurs de bibliothèques. Comment penser et bâtir ensemble la bibliothèque de demain, tel fut le fil rouge de cette journée. Afin de mieux comprendre les spécificités de la construction d’établissements publics et plus particulièrement des bibliothèques comparativement aux autres lieux de culture. Afin de s’interroger sur le statut emblématique ou non de la bibliothèque du futur, dans un univers culturel qui tend à devenir immatériel. Afin de se situer dans la cité, tant symboliquement, démocratiquement que du point de vue de l’urbanisme. Afin de repenser la place de l’usager, du lecteur, et sans doute aussi du professionnel au sein de la bibliothèque en construction. Pour toutes ces raisons, la question de l’architecture se place au coeur du métier de bibliothécaire

Protein crystals in adenovirus type 5-infected cells: requirements for intranuclear crystallogenesis, structural and functional analysis

Intranuclear crystalline inclusions have been observed in the nucleus of epithelial cells infected with Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) at late steps of the virus life cycle. Using immuno-electron microscopy and confocal microscopy of cells infected with various Ad5 recombinants modified in their penton base or fiber domains, we found that these inclusions represented crystals of penton capsomers, the heteromeric capsid protein formed of penton base and fiber subunits. The occurrence of protein crystals within the nucleus of infected cells required the integrity of the fiber knob and part of the shaft domain. In the knob domain, the region overlapping residues 489–492 in the FG loop was found to be essential for crystal formation. In the shaft, a large deletion of repeats 4 to 16 had no detrimental effect on crystal inclusions, whereas deletion of repeats 8 to 21 abolished crystal formation without altering the level of fiber protein expression. This suggested a crucial role of the five penultimate repeats in the crystallisation process. Chimeric pentons made of Ad5 penton base and fiber domains from different serotypes were analyzed with respect to crystal formation. No crystal was found when fiber consisted of shaft (S) from Ad5 and knob (K) from Ad3 (heterotypic S5-K3 fiber), but occurred with homotypic S3K3 fiber. However, less regular crystals were observed with homotypic S35-K35 fiber. TB5, a monoclonal antibody directed against the Ad5 fiber knob was found by immunofluorescence microscopy to react with high efficiency with the intranuclear protein crystals in situ. Data obtained with Ad fiber mutants indicated that the absence of crystalline inclusions correlated with a lower infectivity and/or lower yields of virus progeny, suggesting that the protein crystals might be involved in virion assembly. Thus, we propose that TB5 staining of Ad-infected 293 cells can be used as a prognostic assay for the viability and productivity of fiber-modified Ad5 vectors

Microparticle-mediated transfer of the viral receptors CAR and CD46, and the CFTR channel in a CHO cell model confers new functions to target cells

Cell microparticles (MPs) released in the extracellular milieu can embark plasma membrane and intracellular components which are specific of their cellular origin, and transfer them to target cells. The MP-mediated, cell-to-cell transfer of three human membrane glycoproteins of different degrees of complexity was investigated in the present study, using a CHO cell model system. We first tested the delivery of CAR and CD46, two monospanins which act as adenovirus receptors, to target CHO cells. CHO cells lack CAR and CD46, high affinity receptors for human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV5), and serotype 35 (HAdV35), respectively. We found that MPs derived from CHO cells (MP-donor cells) constitutively expressing CAR (MP-CAR) or CD46 (MP-CD46) were able to transfer CAR and CD46 to target CHO cells, and conferred selective permissiveness to HAdV5 and HAdV35. In addition, target CHO cells incubated with MP-CD46 acquired the CD46-associated function in complement regulation. We also explored the MP-mediated delivery of a dodecaspanin membrane glycoprotein, the CFTR to target CHO cells. CFTR functions as a chloride channel in human cells and is implicated in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. Target CHO cells incubated with MPs produced by CHO cells constitutively expressing GFP-tagged CFTR (MP-GFP-CFTR) were found to gain a new cellular function, the chloride channel activity associated to CFTR. Time-course analysis of the appearance of GFP-CFTR in target cells suggested that MPs could achieve the delivery of CFTR to target cells via two mechanisms: the transfer of mature, membrane-inserted CFTR glycoprotein, and the transfer of CFTR-encoding mRNA. These results confirmed that cell-derived MPs represent a new class of promising therapeutic vehicles for the delivery of bioactive macromolecules, proteins or mRNAs, the latter exerting the desired therapeutic effect in target cells via de novo synthesis of their encoded proteins