Distribution of English textiles in the Spanish market at the beginning of the 18th century

This article examines the marketing and distribution of foreign fabric, predominantly English, in the northern sub-plateau of Spain at the beginning of the 18th century using information from a fiscal source. The official tax record used in this study was a specific and special tax levied on cloth imported from countries with which Spain was at war. The details of this tax shed more light on a hotly debated topic with respect to transport and networks in modern Spain and make it possible to analyze and quantify the physical volume as well as the value and the destination of textiles.En este trabajo se analiza la comercialización y distribución de tejidos extranjeros en la sub-meseta norte de España a comienzos del setecientos a través de una fuente fiscal que nos permite matizar ciertos aspectos relacionados con la demanda de textiles. La fuente utilizada en este trabajo es un impuesto que se cobraba sobre los textiles importados en tiempos de guerra y que recoge quien enviaba la mercancía, el receptor de la misma, el transportista, el tipo de tejido, su valor fiscal, la cantidad así como el impuesto extraordinario pagado que iba a la tesorería real. Los resultados de este estudio permiten analizar en profundidad por lo tanto las redes de distribución y el tipo de tejidos ingleses que se demandaban.This work was co-financed by MICINN HAR 2008-04978/His and HAR 2012-35965/His and the Basque Government (Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza, Grupo de Investigación consolidado IT337-10

Euskal Herriko ekonomi hazkundea eta gizarte-aldaketak (1100-1850)

Behe Erdi Arotik Lehen Karlistada amaitu arte aldi luzea dago; etapa horretako ezaugarri nagusiak ez ziren oinarrian aldatu, ukitu garrantzitsuak izan zituzten arren.Nekazaritza-lanetarako baldintza geografiko eskasek manufaktura-sektore garrantzitsua garatu zuten; inportazio-esportazio trafikoari zerga guztiak kendu zitzaizkion eta horrek bertako manufakturen irteera eta behar ziren aleen sarrera bultzatu zuen; gizarte-klase desberdinetako elementu kaltetuenen emigrazioak ordainketa-balantza orekatu zuen eta gizarteko tentsioak baretu egin ziren. Laborariek, olagizonek eta artisauek sortutako soberakina jauntxoen eta merkatarien esku geratu ohi zen, lurraren errentari, merkataritza-zirkuituaren kontrolari zerealena nahiz produktu manufakturatuena, asken hau Verlagssystem delakoaren bidez, lukurreriari eta, hein txikiagoan, zergei esker.XVIII. mendearen amaieran eta, batez ere, Independentziako Gerraren ondoren, gizarte-egitura horrek narriadura latza jasan zuen Argien Mendeko produkzio-indarren hazkundeagatik, eta behera etorri zen. Nekazarien zorrek eta gerrek herri-lurrak saltzera behartu zituzten; kolonia amerikarrak galtzeak eta burdina ingelesaren lehiak merkataritza- eta ordainketa-balantzak desorekatu zituzten. Ez zegoen sistema protekzionista eraginkorrik eta horrek industria siderurgiko tradizionalaren porrota eta oreka zaharraren haustura ekarri zuen. XIX. mendearen bigarren herenean, egitura berri baten bilaketa dramatikoa eta bortitza gertatu zen.Euskal Herriko historialaritzaren klasiko baten euskarazko itzulpena duzue liburu hau. Lehenengo aldiz 1974. urtean argitaratu zen (gaztelaniaz), eta Araba, Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoako Feudalismo Garatu garaiko ekonomi eta gizarte-historiaren azalpenaren ardatzak maisuki finkatu zituen. Egileak berak itzulpen honetarako idatzi duen hitzaurrean esaten digun bezala: "Liburua duintasunez zahartu dela uste dut, eta han defendatzen nituen eta orduan onartu ez ziren edo harridura sortu zuten tesi batzuk berretsi egin dira: “artoaren iraultza”, haur-hilkortasunaren jaitsiera, edo industrializazio prozesua ez zela mearen esportazioaren ondorio izan. Gaur egun ohikoa da entzutea Euskal Herria ustiategi txiki eta ertainetako lurraldea izan zela, eta hau ezin dela nahastu nekazari jabe txiki eta ertainen nagusigoarekin".Emiliano Fernández de Pinedo Bilbon jaio zen (1943). Salamancako Unibertsitatean Historian lizentziatu eta Madrilgoan doktore titulua eskuratu zuen; Parisko L’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-en osatu zituen bere ikasketak (1971-1972). Katedraduna, egun Ekonomi Historia irakasten du EHUko Ekonomi eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatean (Bilbo)

Beneficios, salarios y nivel de vida obrero en una gran empresa siderúrgica vasca, Altos Hornos de Vizcaya

Altos Hornos de Vizcaya" was, in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the biggest iron and steel works and one of the main Spanish firms. The data supplied by its accounting and the deliberations of the Board of Managers are therefore very significant for the iron and steel, sector and for a large part of the industrial sector as well. Thanks to investments, tariff protection and a set of national and international agreements with other firms of the sector in order to restrict competition, “Altos Hornas de Vizcaya” was able to distribute, from 1902 to 1917, an average dividend near to 14 per cent, although the Board of Mangers benefited more than the mass of shareholders. Taking the evolution of the average day by wage as general indicator of the whole, the workers' incomes grew smoothly from 1902 to 1915, and increased sharply afterwards, especially since 1919. 1n 1927, the average wage trebled that of 1902, though the real wage was hardly had increased. And in the same way as not all the shareholders got the same benefits, the modest improvements in real wage were not evenly distributed among the different professional categories.Altos Hornos de Vizcaya" was, in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the biggest iron and steel works and one of the main Spanish firms. The data supplied by its accounting and the deliberations of the Board of Managers are therefore very significant for the iron and steel, sector and for a large part of the industrial sector as well. Thanks to investments, tariff protection and a set of national and international agreements with other firms of the sector in order to restrict competition, “Altos Hornas de Vizcaya” was able to distribute, from 1902 to 1917, an average dividend near to 14 per cent, although the Board of Mangers benefited more than the mass of shareholders. Taking the evolution of the average day by wage as general indicator of the whole, the workers' incomes grew smoothly from 1902 to 1915, and increased sharply afterwards, especially since 1919. 1n 1927, the average wage trebled that of 1902, though the real wage was hardly had increased. And in the same way as not all the shareholders got the same benefits, the modest improvements in real wage were not evenly distributed among the different professional categories

Chapter Un changement radical dans la consommation de tissus par la royauté et son milieu (1293-1504): de la laine au lin et à la soie

Since the reign of Juan II and especially Queen Isabel I of Castile, we have found that silk fabrics had displaced expensive dyed wool cloths from the first place, at least among the privileged groups. At the same time, a very fine linen fabric, the holanda spread in a spectacular way, at least in the case of the House of Isabel I, especially as body linen and household line. In this article, we discuss how these changes could be transmitted downwards through some examples of different social groups - nobility, townspeople, peasants - considering the economic and social limitations that would have been relevant in its diffusion

Dr. D. Felipe Ruiz Martín, in Memoriam

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Comercio y Colonias (1770-1850). El papel de Guipúzcoa

Hablar del papel de las colonias y del comercio en los siglos XVIII y XIX del País Vasco es un ciclo sobre Dirección y Administracion de empresas parece un tanto fuera de lugar. Problamenente muchos alumnos y sectores del profesorado no suelen tener muy claro para qué sirve una materia como la historia y más en concreto la historia económica. Sin embargo la Historia en general y la económia en particular cumplen o mejor, deberían cumplir un papel importante y sobre todo deberían ser tenidas en cuenta a la hora de tomar decisiones tanto a nivel micoeconómico como macroeconómico.Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitate