Corporate criminal liability: similarities and differences between Spain and Philippines

This paper focuses on the topic of corporate criminal liability and the common and opposite aspects that regimes of Spain and The Philippines have. On the one hand, in Spain, criminal liability of legal persons has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in year 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs. On the other hand, corporate criminal liability is more limited in The Philippines, being criticized by the doctrine that, rather to impose this kind of liability to companies, natural persons as directors, officers or employees of the corporation are the only ones considered responsible for some crimes. The analysis of both regimes, the Spanish and the Philippines one, will comprise different aspects of the issue as the crimes for which companies can be criminally liable, the ways to require to them criminal liability or their exemption of it and the possible sanctions that can be imposed. The comparative study will bring out the positive and the negative points of both regimes.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Spain and the Philippines in the protection of the right to a reasonable time in criminal proceedings

The subject of this work deals with the right of every person, provided in Article 6.1 of the European Convention on Human Rights, to a hearing within a reasonable time, specifically in criminal proceedings. This right, which in Spain enjoys constitutional protection in Article 24.2 and gives rise to a reduction of the penalty through the application of a mitigating circumstance, provided in article 21.6 of the Criminal Code, also constitutes an object of protection in the Philippines through Article III Section 14 of its Constitution or through the Speedy Trial Act, among other regulations. The legal configuration of this right in both legal systems has been specially conditioned by case-law but in different senses. Thus, on the one hand, in Spanish law the mitigation applicable to the penalty was introduced into the Criminal Code in 2010 on the basis of a consolidated case-law practice, influenced by the requirements contained in the judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which pay attention to the circumstances of the specific case, instead of requiring predetermined deadlines. On the other hand, the protection of this right in the Philippine Law, and in particular, the case-law of the Supreme Court, has closely followed the case-law of the United States to interpret the constitutional right to speedy trial, in addition to constitutionally demanding deadlines which the courts must respect. In conclusion, the present paper intends to compare the two systems, to firstly determine whether in both cases this issue is addressed from the same approach, since in the Spanish case the term used is ‘reasonable time’ while in the Filipino ‘speedy trial’; secondly, to study the requirements of both legal systems; and, thirdly, to evaluate them to consider whether, in both cases, the protection of this procedural guarantee of great relevance is ensured.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Appraisal of old photographs

A pesar de que en nuestro país la introducción de la fotografía a nivel creativo y comercial ha sido tardía con respecto a otros países como EE.UU o Gran Bretaña, el panorama actual nos hace pensar en ciertos cambios a corto plazo. Se trata de un hecho que nos revela la importancia de contar, a nivel profesional, con las herramientas necesarias de cara a poder valorar artística y económicamente una de las principales expresiones creativa de nuestro tiempo. Este artículo se centra de forma específica en la tasación de fotografía antigua, dentro de la cual clasificamos las producciones de los padres de las primeras corrientes creativas como el Pictorialismo o la Fotografía Directa. En el mercado secundario estas piezas alcanzan diferentes cotizaciones en base a una serie de variables, las cuales serán analizadas a través de un modelo de tasación específicamente diseñado para este soporte artístico y esta franja cronológica.Despite the fact that in our country the introduction of photography creative and commercial level has been late with respect to other countries such as the USA or Great Britain, the current panorama makes us think of certain changes in the short term. It is a fact that reveals the importance of professional level, with the necessary tools in order to be able to assess artistic and economically one of the most important creative expressions of our time. This article focuses specifically on the valuation of old photograph, within which we classify the productions of the fathers of the first creative flows as pictoralism or straight photography. In the secondary market these parts reach different quotes based on a number of variables, which will be analyzed through a pricing model specifically designed for this artistic support and this chronological period

Iniciativas de la comunidad en La Habana, Cuba, para la autogestión del agua desde una perspectiva social

For now, suffice it to say that the idea of ​​thinking about water from a social perspective is an initiative led in Latin America, specifically in the Jesús María neighborhood, in Old Havana, Cuba. Cuban society has a lot of community organizational structure as well as at the individual level. We highlight, therefore, the involvement of women, personally, in the task of managing and using water to stop the socialization process in relation to bad habits in the use of water in families. Starting with a participatory and inclusive approach, the protagonists are the women and men who are part of the contexts and territories in which this experience was developed, with a commitment from the four citizens. The role of southern universities, such as the University of Old Havana, the University of Seville and the University of Cádiz, with the strengthening of local structures, as in the case of this experience, made it possible to carry out the Integral Transformation Workshop from Barrio de Jesús María, generating self-management processes, where the community was involved in the identification, execution and maintenance of local initiatives satisfying their interests and priorities.Por lo pronto, bástenos decir que la idea de pensar en el agua desde una perspectiva social es una iniciativa liderada en Latinoamérica, concretamente en el barrio de Jesús María, en la Habana vieja, Cuba. La sociedad cubana posee mucha estructura organizativa comunitaria así como a nivel individual. Destacamos por ello, la implicación de la mujer, de manera personal en la tarea de la gestión y uso del agua para frenar el proceso de socialización en relación a malos hábitos en el uso del agua en las familias. Partiendo un enfoque participativo e inclusivo, los protagonistas son las mujeres y hombres que forman parte de los contextos y territorios en los que se desarrolló esta experiencia, con un compromiso de las cuatro ciudadanías. El papel de las universidades de sur, como es la Universidad de la Habana Vieja, la Universidad de Sevilla y la Universidad de Cádiz, con el fortalecimiento de estructuras locales, como en el caso de esta experiencia, hizo posible realizar el Taller de Transformación Integral de Barrio de Jesús María, generando procesos de autogestión, donde se involucró a la comunidad en la identificación, ejecución y mantenimiento de iniciativas locales satisfaciendo sus intereses y prioridades

El problema de siutar contenedores en un patio : algoritmos

Los objetivos principales de una terminal de contenedores son aumentar la productividad y lograr la capacidad óptima. Para hacer eso debemos centrarnos en minimizar movimientos improductivos. Si actuamos en este problema vamos a disminuir los costes de operación. Nos centraremos en la organización de los patios de importación. La terminal de contenedores se considera que es un sistema formado por cuatro subsistemas. Los cuatro subsistemas principales son: buque-tierra, transferencia, almacenamiento y entrega / recepción. El almacenamiento es considerado el subsistema operativo dominante. Debemos apilar y almacenar los contenedores y para ello debemos tomar una serie de decisiones en relación a cómo hacerlo. Estas decisiones pueden afectar a los procesos para la recuperación de los envases desde el patio de almacenamiento y al coste de operación de las grúas de patio.Ingeniería Industria

Reflexiones para un cambio de paradigma entre ser humano y medio a través de la educación socioambiental

Socio-environmental education completes participatory and decisive training for people, in which the search for possible alternatives to current environmental conflicts prevails. Environmental education is the axis on which social change and education must be based today. This is where the importance of educating based on environmental problems lies, since they are situations that make us reflect and put us in contact with complex systems and realities that offer us the opportunity to exercise, participate and learn about this reality. Therefore, eco-citizenship challenges citizens to cultivate a new social paradigm that looks at the complexity of our role within societies, in a critical way, with our own actions and their possible repercussions. For this, socio-environmental education becomes a fundamental and indispensable tool to contribute to making our societies increasingly humane, sustainable, responsible and democratic.La educación socioambiental completa formación participativa y resolutiva de personas, en la que prima la búsqueda de posibles alternativas a los actuales conflictos ambientales. La educación ambiental es el eje en el que hoy debe apoyarse el cambio social y la educación. Es aquí donde radica la importancia de educar a partir de problemas ambientales, ya que son situaciones que nos hacen reflexionar y nos ponen en contacto con sistemas y realidades complejas que nos ofrecen la oportunidad de ejercitar, participar y aprender sobre esta realidad. Por ello, la ecociudadanía desafía a los ciudadanos para cultivar un nuevo paradigma social que mire la complejidad en nuestro papel dentro de las sociedades, de una forma crítica, con nuestras propias acciones y sus posibles repercusiones. Para ello, la educación socioambiental se convierte en una herramienta fundamental e indispensable para contribuir a hacer nuestras sociedades cada vez más humanas, sustentables, responsables y democráticas

Sociedade civil e democracia: uma abordagem para o debate sobre o capital social e cultura politica

La demostrada desafección política de la ciudadanía en un contexto sociopolítico en el que se cuestiona el papel del estado y se polarizan los pareceres acerca del protagonismo de la sociedad civil pone de relieve la necesidad de una reflexión acerca de los mecanismos que pueden garantizar el mantenimiento de los regímenes democráticos. Para ello proponemos un estudio de la relación existente entre la sociedad civil y la democracia, operacionalizando ambos conceptos a través del capital social y de la cultura política, respectivamente. Nos servimos así de un análisis de regresión lineal para identificar qué tipo de capital social se relaciona en mayor medida con la cultura política participante.Political disaffection, when forging a context in which both the role of the state and the role of civil society are questioned, becomes a major issue. The risks it entails prompts a reflection on the mechanisms that work for the maintenance of democratic regimes. Finding ourselves in this context, we develop a study of the existing relationship between civil society and democracy, operationalizing each concept through social capital and political culture, respectively. Through a linear regression analysis, thus, we aim to identify which type of social capital is related to a greater extent to participant political culture.O desafeto político, ao forjar um contexto no que tanto o papel do Estado e o papel da sociedade civil são questionados, torna-se uma questão de máxima relevância. Os riscos que implica dito desafeto exige uma reflexão sobre os mecanismos que trabalham pela manutenção dos regimes democráticos. Encontrando-nos neste contexto, pelo tanto, desenvolvemos um estudo sobre a relação existente entre a sociedade civil e a democracia, operacionalizando cada conceito através do capital social e da cultura política, respectivamente. Através de uma análise de regressão linear, assim, nosso objetivo é identificar qual é o tipo de capital social que está relacionado a um maior grau de cultura política participante

El concepto de "América profunda" en el cine estadounidense de terror (1960-2014)

El presente estudio profundiza en el "reverso tenebroso" de la cultura norteamericana a través del cine de terror moderno estadounidense, a través través de una investigación sobre el reverso tenebroso del estereotipo de la "América profunda" en la literatura, en el cine y en las artes plásticas