Seleção de genótipos de feijão com maior concentração de macro e microminerais nos grãos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes of different grain types as to macro- and micromineral concentrations, as well as to select superior genotypes by the multiplicative index. A total of 22 common bean genotypes were evaluated in experiments carried out in the dry and rainy seasons. The concentration of six minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper) was determined, and the multiplicative index was applied to individual and combined experiments. There was a significant effect of the genotype × environment interaction on the concentration of all minerals, and, when the genotype effect was decomposed into grain types, the genotypes differed as to the concentration of three or more minerals. There is genetic variability in the concentration of macro- and microminerals in the common bean genotypes evaluated in the dry and rainy seasons. In the combined experiments, high heritability estimates (≥ 62.60%) and a greater total genetic gain (283.59%) are observed. The multiplicative index applied to combined experiments allows the selection of superior common bean genotypes of the following grain types: red (Amendoim comprido and Light Red Kidney), cranberry ('BRS Executivo' and 'Hooter'), and carioca ('IPR Siriri'), which have high phosphorus and iron concentrations; Amendoim comprido also stands out for its high potassium concentration.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de genótipos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) de diferentes tipos de grãos quanto à concentração de macro e microminerais, bem como selecionar genótipos superiores pelo índice multiplicativo. Um total de 22 genótipos de feijão foi avaliado em experimentos conduzidos nas estações seca e chuvosa. A concentração de seis minerais (potássio, fósforo, magnésio, ferro, zinco e cobre) foi determinada, e o índice multiplicativo foi aplicado a experimentos individuais e combinados. Houve efeito significativo da interação genótipo x ambiente sobre a concentração de todos os minerais, e, quando o efeito de genótipo foi decomposto em tipos de grãos, os genótipos diferiram quanto à concentração de três ou mais minerais. Há variabilidade genética na concentração de macro e microminerais nos genótipos de feijão comum avaliados nas estações seca e chuvosa. Nos experimentos combinados, são observados altas estimativas de herdabilidade (≥ 62,60%) e maior ganho genético total (283,59%). O índice multiplicativo aplicado a experimentos combinados possibilita a seleção de genótipos de feijão superiores dos seguintes tipos de grãos: vermelho (Amendoim comprido e Light Red Kidney), rajado ('BRS Executivo' e 'Hooter') e carioca ('IPR Siriri'), que apresentam alta concentração de fósforo e ferro; Amendoim comprido também se destaca pela alta concentração de potássio

ANÁLISE DA EFICIÊNCIA ECONÔMICA DOS PRODUTORES DE LEITE NO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS

O aumento da eficiência produtiva e econômica é fator decisivo para a competitividade do setor leiteiro que, produzindo com menor custo, beneficiará toda a cadeia do leite. Dessa maneira, a unidade de produção pode ter, na eficiência produtiva, a condição necessária para a sobrevivência e o crescimento dentro da economia de mercado. Considerado o maior produtor de leite do Brasil, o estado de Minas Gerais exerce importante papel na cadeia agroindustrial do leite O presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral estimar e analisar as eficiências econômicas dos produtores de leite no estado de Minas Gerais. Especificamente pretende-se: estimar as eficiências econômicas dos produtores de leite em Minas Gerais separados por níveis tecnológicos; comparar os escores de eficiência obtidos, por meio do método de fronteira de produção estocástica e por fim, verificar os fatores explicativos das variações nas eficiências. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa foram cedidos pela Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Estado de Minas Gerais (EMATER¬MG). O período de análise compreendeu os anos agrícolas de 1995/96 a 2001/02. Seiscentos e quatorze fazendas foram pesquisadas, distribuídas em 11 diferentes mesorregioões no estado de Minas Gerais. Os níveis de eficiência econômica dos produtores de leite do estado de Minas Gerais foram estudados adotando-se uma função fronteira de produção estocástica. Como variáveis que explicam a eficiência econômica, recebem destaque as variáveis ligadas ao volume de produção, produtividade e o valor dos animais dos sistemas de produção. O estudo indica que apenas 16,8% dos produtores estudados apresentam níveis de eficiência econômica que os aproximam da fronteira de produção, dessa forma existe uma grande demanda por parte do setor produtivo no que se refere ao uso eficiente de seus recursos.--------------------------------------------The increase in productive and economic efficiency is a decisive factor for competitive of the dairy industry, witch by at producing less cost, and will benefit the entire chain of milk. The pastoralist should be aware of his costs, tailoring them to a reality witch allows the sound management of his enterprise, seeking for a rational use of productive resources from milk activity Thus, the unit of production may have in productive efficiency, a necessary condition for both survival and growth within the market economy. Considered to be the largest milk producer in Brazil, Minas Gerais state pays important role in the agro industrial milk chain. This study aims to estimate and analyze the economic efficiency of the milk producers in the state of Minas Gerais. Specifically seeks to – estimate the economic efficiencies of milk producers in Minas Gerais separated by technological levels, compare the scores of efficiency obtained by means of the stochastic production frontier method and finally, check the factors explaining the variations in efficiencies. The Company Technical Assistance and Rural Extension of state os Minas Gerais (EMATERMG) sold the data used in this research. The period of analyses included the agricultural years from 1995/96 to 2001/02 more than six hundred farms were researched. They were distributed in 11 different regions in the state of Minas Gerais. The levels of economic efficiency of the milk producers in the state of Minas Gerais were studied adopting is a function of production stochastic frontier. As variables that explain the economic efficiency, receive highlighted the variables related to the volume of production, productivity and value of animals in production systems. Already a variable that indicates an inverse relationship with the indices of economic efficiency, spent on veterinary products, can be an indicator of the health of the herds has compromised the efficiency of the properties. The study indicates that only 16.8% of the producers have studied levels of economic efficiency that close to the border of production, thus there is a great demand by the productive sector with regard to efficient use of its resources.Eficiência Econômica, Leite, Minas Gerais, Economic Efficiency, Dairy Activity, Minas Gerais, Livestock Production/Industries,

Pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis strains differ in their ability to modulate the proinflammatory activation phenotype of macrophages

Background: Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis, remains one of the leading infectious diseases worldwide. The ability of mycobacteria to rapidly grow in host macrophages is a factor contributing to enhanced virulence of the bacteria and disease progression. Bactericidal functions of phagocytes are strictly dependent on activation status of these cells, regulated by the infecting agent and cytokines. Pathogenic mycobacteria can survive the hostile environment of the phagosome through interference with activation of bactericidal responses. To study the mechanisms employed by highly virulent mycobacteria to promote their intracellular survival, we investigated modulating effects of two pathogenic M. bovis isolates and a reference M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain, differing in their ability to multiply in macrophages, on activation phenotypes of the cells primed with major cytokines regulating proinflammatory macrophage activity. Results: Bone marrow- derived macrophages obtained from C57BL/6 mice were infected by mycobacteria after a period of cell incubation with or without treatment with IFN-gamma, inducing proinflammatory type-1 macrophages (M1), or IL-10, inducing anti-inflammatory type-2 cells (M2). Phenotypic profiling of M1 and M2 was then evaluated. The M. bovis strain MP287/03 was able to grow more efficiently in the untreated macrophages, compared with the strains B2 or H37Rv. This strain induced weaker secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, coinciding with higher expression of M2 cell markers, mannose receptor (MR) and arginase-1 (Arg-1). Treatment of macrophages with IFN-gamma and infection by the strains B2 and H37Rv synergistically induced M1 polarization, leading to high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and reduced expression of the Arg-1. In contrast, the cells infected with the strain MP287/03 expressed high levels of Arg-1 which competed with iNOS for the common substrate arginine, leading to lower levels of NO production. Conclusions: The data obtained demonstrated that the strain, characterized by increased growth in macrophages, down- modulated classical macrophage activation, through induction of an atypical mixed M1/M2 phenotype.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), BrazilConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazi

EFEITO DAS SOLUÇÕES IRRIGADORAS USADAS EM ENDODONTIA REGENERATIVA SOBRE AS CÉLULAS-TRONCO DE ORIGEM DENTAL

Stem cells derived from teeth act in the maintenance of pulp homeostasis, in addition to having high plasticity and pluripotency. It is worth mentioning that the apical papilla region is full of mesenchymal stem cells (SCAPs), which can survive endodontic infection, and jointly with Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, they direct root development. Therefore, regenerative endodontic therapies are necessary for immature teeth to maintain the viability of these structures and ensure the complete root maturation process. Regenerative endodontic therapy is still evolving, lacking evidence from translational and clinical research to support informed physician choice regarding the best therapeutic irrigation protocol to promote the release of dentin growth factors and tissue repair. Furthermore, clinical studies inherent heterogeneity and complexity have hampered the evaluation of data on the release of growth factors during regenerative endodontic therapies.As células-tronco derivadas dos dentes atuam na manutenção da homeostase pulpar, além de possuir alta plasticidade e pluripotência,  vale ressaltar que a região da papila apical está repleta de células-tronco mesenquimais (SCAPs), que podem sobreviver à infecção endodôntica, e conjuntamente com a bainha epitelial da raiz de Hertwig, eles direcionam o desenvolvimento da raiz. Portanto, regenerativo terapias endodônticas são necessárias para dentes imaturos manterem a viabilidade dessas estruturas e garantir o processo completo de maturação radicular. A endodontia regenerativa a terapia ainda está evoluindo, faltando evidências da pesquisa translacional e clínica apoiar a escolha informada do médico sobre o melhor protocolo de irrigação terapêutica para promover a liberação de fatores de crescimento dentinário e reparo tecidual. Além disso, estudos clínicos heterogeneidade e complexidade inerentes prejudicaram a avaliação dos dados sobre a liberação de fatores de crescimento durante terapias endodônticas regenerativas

Continent-wide decoupling of Y-chromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in native South Americans

Numerous studies of human populations in Europe and Asia have revealed a concordance between their extant genetic structure and the prevailing regional pattern of geography and language. For native South Americans, however, such evidence has been lacking so far. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Y-chromosomal genotype on the one hand, and male geographic origin and linguistic affiliation on the other, in the largest study of South American natives to date in terms of sampled individuals and populations. A total of 1,011 individuals, representing 50 tribal populations from 81 settlements, were genotyped for up to 17 short tandem repeat (STR) markers and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs), the latter resolving phylogenetic lineages Q and C. Virtually no structure became apparent for the extant Y-chromosomal genetic variation of South American males that could sensibly be related to their inter-tribal geographic and linguistic relationships. This continent-wide decoupling is consistent with a rapid peopling of the continent followed by long periods of isolation in small groups. Furthermore, for the first time, we identified a distinct geographical cluster of Y-SNP lineages C-M217 (C3*) in South America. Such haplotypes are virtually absent from North and Central America, but occur at high frequency in Asia. Together with the locally confined Y-STR autocorrelation observed in our study as a whole, the available data therefore suggest a late introduction of C3* into South America no more than 6,000 years ago, perhaps via coastal or trans-Pacific routes. Extensive simulations revealed that the observed lack of haplogroup C3* among extant North and Central American natives is only compatible with low levels of migration between the ancestor populations of C3* carriers and non-carriers. In summary, our data highlight the fact that a pronounced correlation between genetic and geographic/cultural structure can only be expected under very specific conditions, most of which are likely not to have been met by the ancestors of native South Americans

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030