Leibniz y el eterno retorno. Reflexiones sobre la idea de apocatástasis.

Sin resume

A constituição do conceito de mônada

O artigo examina a constituição do conceito leibniziano de mônada segundo dois aspectos conexos: o aspecto da constituição genética e o da constituição sistemática. O primeiro investiga a formação do conceito de mônada mostrando como ele resulta de um trabalho complexo sobre a questão da realidade substancial dos corpos. O segundo, por sua vez, examina a consistência do conceito no corpo doutrinal, considerando a complexidade e as difi culdades resultantes do fato da mônada ser, simultaneamente, um átomo formal, o sujeito de uma força, uma realidade pensada por analogia e oposição com a idealidade matemática do ponto e da unidade, e uma vida. AbstractThis paper examines the constitution of Leibniz´s concept of monad according to two connected aspects: the genetic and the systematic. The fi rst aspect investigates the development of the concept showing how it results from a complex work on the issue concerning the substantial reality of bodies. The second aspect, in its turn, examines the concept´s consistency in the doctrine, considering the complexity and the diffi culties that result from the fact that the monad is, simultaneously, a formal atom, the subject of a force, a reality thought by analogy and opposition to the mathematical idealities of point and unity, and a life

Immanuel Kant: O Kästner]evih razpravah

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Da substância individual à mônada

Contra a interpretação tradicional, trata-se de mostrar que os conceitos de "substância individual" e "mônada" não têm o mesmo sentido e função na filosofia de Leibniz. Assim, a noção de "mônada" não pode ser aplicada a agentes individuais, como Cesar ou Alexandre, mas assume a função que Leibniz atribuiu em certos textos à noção de forma individual, a fim de pensar aí a unidade dos corpos físicos, e fornece um instrumento conceptual de unificação da realidade.RésuméÀ l'inverse des interprétations traditionnelles, il s'agit de montrer que les notions de "substance individuelle" et de "monade" n'ont pas même sens et même fonction dans la philosophie de Leibniz. Au contraire de la première, la notion de "monade" ne peut pas être appliquée a des agents individuels, comme César ou Alexandre, mas elle assume la fonction que Leibniz à attribué dans autres textes à la forme individuelle à fin d'y penser l'unité des corps physiques, et sert desormais comme un instrument conceptuel pour l'unification de la réalité: tout est monade ou un ensemble de monades

Leibniz e as máquinas da natureza

É no Système Nouveau que Leibniz formula pela primeira vez seu conceito de "máquina da natureza" para referir-se aos organismos naturais. Ao contrário do que se poderia pensar, não se trata de reduzir tais organismos a máquinas à maneira daquelas produzidas pelo artifício humano, mas, sim, de sublinhar a diferença de natureza que há entre elas. Neste texto, pretende-se precisar o sentido da expressão "máquina da natureza", tal como a concebe Leibniz, reportando-a ao contexto teórico em que ela se inscreve. Leibniz and the machines of nature Abstract It is in Système Nouveau that Leibniz formulates for the first time his concept of machine of nature to refer to natural organisms. Unlike what could be thought at first, it does not mean reducing the organisms to machines such as those produced by human artifice, but rather to underline the difference of nature between them. The aim of this text is to define the meaning of the expression machine of nature, as it is conceived by Leibniz, considering the theoretical context in which it takes place

LES DUALITÉS DE LA DYNAMIQUE LEIBNIZIENNE

We associate here, under the naming of ‘dualities’ of the Leibnizian dynamics, distinctions of several orders: chronological, in that the invention in 1690 of the very word ‘dynamics’ separates two periods in the establishment of the doctrine of movement and corporeal nature – conceptual, in that the ‘New science’ defines itself by the association of the acquired concept of power or force with the new one of action – methodical, because the introduction of the concept of action allows the establishment of an a priori demonstration whereas until then only an a posteriori argument had been used – structural, with the conjunction of dynamics ‘abstracted from things’ and ‘concrete’ dynamics ‘concerning what happens in the system of things’. All these dualities form a coherent network, which characterizes the singularity of the Leibnizian dynamics in the margins of history of classic scienc

Leibniz y el eterno retorno. Reflexiones sobre la idea de apocatástasis.

Sin resume

Johann Heinrich Lambert, l’idée de l’architectonique comme philosophie première (Grundlehre)

L’œuvre philosophique de Lambert a souvent été traitée comme un moment de l’histoire de la formation de la pensée kantienne et des antécédents de la Critique de la raison pure. C’est en méconnaître l’originalité. Les deux ouvrages à cet égard les plus importants, le Nouvel Organon (1764) et l’Architectonique (1771) ont été conçus originellement comme les parties complémentaires d’un même projet qui s’inscrit dans la longue histoire de l’union entre logique et métaphysique. L’architectonique est une doctrine des catégories : le recensement des notions ou concepts simples permettant de penser un objet quelconque réalise, en en déplaçant le champ d’application, la visée d’universalité qui définissait la métaphysique générale ou philosophie première dans les ontologies wolffiennes. Ce n’est plus une doctrine de l’étant comme tel, mais une anatomie de l’entendement inspirée par Locke. Cependant le traitement des concepts simples ainsi obtenus revient à la méthode mathématique suivant l’exemple de Wolff, corrigé par un retour au modèle euclidien : il s’agit, somme toute, de procéder pour chaque concept simple comme Euclide l’a fait pour l’un d’entre eux, celui de l’espace. L’architectonique peut ainsi, par l’établissement des combinaisons et dérivations de ces concepts, livrer le plan systématique du tout de la connaissance. Ainsi, la singularité de Lambert trouve mieux sa place dans la lignée qui va de la Science Générale leibnizienne à la Doctrine de la science (Wissenschaftslehre) de Bolzano ; et on peut y voir aussi, comme Cassirer l’a proposé, une préfiguration de la théorie de l’objet (Gegenstandstheorie) de Meinong.Lambert’s philosophical work has often solely been regarded as a moment in the history of the constitution of Kant’s system and as a precedent to the Critique of pure reason. Unfortunately, such a judgement misconsiders its profound originality. The Nouvel Organon (1764) and the Architectonique (1771), which are both important works in this respect, have been originally conceived as complementary parts of a single project, which can be inscribed in the very long history of the union of logics and metaphysics. The architectonic is a doctrine of categories : the review of simple notions and concepts allowing to think any object in general rejoins the pretention to universality defining general metaphysics or primary philosophy in the Wolffian ontology, though it modifies its field of application. It is no longer a doctrine of being as such, but rather an anatomy of the understanding inspired by Locke. The treatment of simple concepts, however, can be regarded as an application of the mathematic method (following Wolff’s example), but corrected by a return to the Euclidian model. In short, it aims at treating every concept as Euclid did for one of them, i.e. space. By establishing combinations and derivations of these concepts, the Architectonic aims at delivering a systematic view of knowledge as a whole. Lambert’s originality can thus be better appreciated by replacing its thought in the lineage going from Leibniz’s General Science to Bolzano’s Doctrine of Science (Wissenschaftslehre). It could also be regarded following Cassirer’s proposal as a prefiguration of Meinong’s theory of the object (Gegendstandstheorie)

The Cyst-Dividing Bacterium Ramlibacter tataouinensis TTB310 Genome Reveals a Well-Stocked Toolbox for Adaptation to a Desert Environment

Ramlibacter tataouinensis TTB310T (strain TTB310), a betaproteobacterium isolated from a semi-arid region of South Tunisia (Tataouine), is characterized by the presence of both spherical and rod-shaped cells in pure culture. Cell division of strain TTB310 occurs by the binary fission of spherical “cyst-like” cells (“cyst-cyst” division). The rod-shaped cells formed at the periphery of a colony (consisting mainly of cysts) are highly motile and colonize a new environment, where they form a new colony by reversion to cyst-like cells. This unique cell cycle of strain TTB310, with desiccation tolerant cyst-like cells capable of division and desiccation sensitive motile rods capable of dissemination, appears to be a novel adaptation for life in a hot and dry desert environment. In order to gain insights into strain TTB310's underlying genetic repertoire and possible mechanisms responsible for its unusual lifestyle, the genome of strain TTB310 was completely sequenced and subsequently annotated. The complete genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,070,194 bp with an average G+C content of 70.0%, the highest among the Betaproteobacteria sequenced to date, with total of 3,899 predicted coding sequences covering 92% of the genome. We found that strain TTB310 has developed a highly complex network of two-component systems, which may utilize responses to light and perhaps a rudimentary circadian hourglass to anticipate water availability at the dew time in the middle/end of the desert winter nights and thus direct the growth window to cyclic water availability times. Other interesting features of the strain TTB310 genome that appear to be important for desiccation tolerance, including intermediary metabolism compounds such as trehalose or polyhydroxyalkanoate, and signal transduction pathways, are presented and discussed

Bibliographie leibnizienne

Fichant Michel. Bibliographie leibnizienne. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 46, n°4, 1993. Recherches leibniziennes. pp. 487-492