Универбация и метонимия

The article considers the possibility of distinguishing between the phenomenon of universality (condensation, compression) and metonymy as a type of name transfer. On the basis of the previously stated thesis that almost any word represents repetition and often replaces the phrase, the author of this article argues that the universality as a way of forming words does not constitute a specific phenomenon. The article also deals with actant metonymy - the direction from actant to action, illustrating some common types of semantic compression

PU.1 is not strictly required for B cell development and its absence induces a B-2 to B-1 cell switch

In this paper, we describe the unexpected outgrowth of B lineage cells from PU.1−/− fetal liver cultures. The cells express all early B cell genes tested, including the putative PU.1 target genes IL-7R and EBF but not B220, and can produce immunoglobulin M. However, we observed a delay in the PU.1−/− B cell outgrowth and reduced precursor frequencies, indicating that although PU.1 is not strictly required for B cell commitment, it facilitates B cell development. We also ablated PU.1 in CD19-expressing B lineage cells in vivo, using a Cre-lox approach that allows them to be tracked. PU.1 excision resulted in a shift from B-2 cells to B-1–like cells, which dramatically increased with the age of the mice. Our data indicate that this shift is predominantly caused by a B-2 to B-1 cell reprogramming. Furthermore, we found that B-2 cells express substantially more PU.1 than B-1 cells, which is consistent with the idea that maintenance of the B-2 cell phenotype requires relatively high levels of PU.1, but B-1 cells require little

ПРАКТИКИ НАЙМА ИНОЗЕМЦЕВ НА РУССКУЮ СЛУЖБУ ПРИ АЛЕКСЕЕ МИХАЙЛОВИЧЕ И ПЕТРЕ ВЕЛИКОМ

This article examines the evolution of the practice of hiring foreign specialists for the Russian civil and military service from the second half of the 17 th to the first quarter of the 18 th century. The author examines continuity and innovations in the methods of recruitment and the documentation of the processes associated with this. The paper identifies the main groups of people engaged in hiring foreigners. This aspect is important because the personalities of mediators left an imprint on the practical and legal basis for recruitment. It is concluded that, from a practical point of view, recruiters (who were sent abroad to hire foreign experts) faced similar tasks both during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich and later, in the era of Peter I (these included problems of material support, the transportation of craftsmen, attracting specialists by favorable proposals, agreeing on conditions of service, etc.). The author also notes that as early as the second half of the 17 th century there was a practice of issuing written contracts to foreign specialists, but this was only episodic. During the era of Peter the Great, the contract became the key basis for the admission of foreigners to the Russian civil and military service, and such contracts were based on the same principles as in the previous period. In order to attract a large number of foreign specialists, Peter I and his agents had to take into account the requirements of foreigners and legally expand their rights and privileges. This undoubtedly led to an improvement in both the social and legal status of foreigners as well as in the system of relations between the Russian state and its non-Russian hired specialists

Analysis of the English Language Needs of Students at the Russian Technological University

The article looks into the English language needs of engineering students and young graduates at one of the leading technological universities in Russia - NUST MISiS. The authors used a mixed methodology approach to explore how often and in what real-life situations current and former students use the English language. 107 paper questionnaires were completed by master’s degree students in class and the answers were counted; 123 responses were received online from 2015 and 2016 graduates and processed statistically; 17 structured interviews with college administrators and subject professors were recorded and then coded for the main categories. The results demonstrate that despite dramatic changes at NUST MISiS under The Competitiveness Enhancement Program 5-100, good English competence is not a priority, with the majority of young graduates being ‘unsure’ about its benefits for their career and some administrators calling it ‘the least required competence’. However, the English language needs vary across subject departments. Thus, students majoring in new materials and programming use English on a regular basis, while economists and metallurgists might not really need it in both studies and future job. Overall, the most required skill is reading, and the least used ones are oral communication and academic writing in English. The authors discuss how orientation on potential rather than actual needs can affect the ESP/EAP course design in the context of engineering education in Russia

Business administration as a basis for development of global entrepreneurship

The purpose of the article is to determine the role and meaning of business administration in development of global entrepreneurship. The work uses the proprietary methodology of evaluation of global competitiveness of enterprise and the proprietary methodology of evaluation of efficiency of business administration of enterprise, as well as method of correlation analysis. The authors determine the role of business administration in management of factors of development of global enterprise and offer the proprietary structural and logical model of organization of the process of business administration of global enterprise as a perspective tool for provision of global competitiveness of business and development of global entrepreneurship on the whole. The authors come to the conclusion that business administration is a basis for development of global entrepreneurship and plays an important role in this process, which consists in managing other internal and external factors of functioning of global business.peer-reviewe

Bag-breakup fragmentation as the dominant mechanism of sea-spray production in high winds

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