System Dynamics Modeling for Traumatic Brain Injury: Mini-review of Applications

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly complex phenomenon involving a cascade of disruptions across biomechanical, neurochemical, neurological, cognitive, emotional, and social systems. Researchers and clinicians urgently need a rigorous conceptualization of brain injury that encompasses nonlinear and mutually causal relations among the factors involved, as well as sources of individual variation in recovery trajectories. System dynamics, an approach from systems science, has been used for decades in fields such as management and ecology to model nonlinear feedback dynamics in complex systems. In this mini-review, we summarize some recent uses of this approach to better understand acute injury mechanisms, recovery dynamics, and care delivery for TBI. We conclude that diagram-based approaches like causal-loop diagramming have the potential to support the development of a shared paradigm of TBI that incorporates social support aspects of recovery. When developed using adequate data from large-scale studies, simulation modeling presents opportunities for improving individualized treatment and care delivery

The potential role of gut microbiota in shaping host energetics and metabolic rate

It is increasingly recognised that symbiotic microbiota (especially those present in the gut) have important influences on the functioning of their host. Here we review the interplay between this microbial community and the growth, metabolic rate and nutritional energy harvest of the host. We show how recent developments in experimental and analytical methods have allowed much easier characterisation of the nature, and increasingly the functioning, of the gut microbiota. Manipulation studies that remove or augment gut microorganisms or transfer them between hosts have allowed unprecedented insights into their impact. While much of the information to date has come from studies of laboratory model organisms, recent studies have used a more diverse range of host species, including those living in natural conditions, revealing their ecological relevance. The gut microbiota can provide the host with dietary nutrients that would be otherwise unobtainable, as well as allow the host flexibility in its capacity to cope with changing environments. The composition of the gut microbial community of a species can vary seasonally or when the host moves between environments (e.g. fresh and sea water in the case of migratory fish). It can also change with host diet choice, metabolic rate (or demands) and life stage. These changes in gut microbial community composition enable the host to live within different environments, adapt to seasonal changes in diet and maintain performance throughout its entire life history, highlighting the ecological relevance of the gut microbiota. While it is evident that gut microbes can underpin host metabolic plasticity, the causal nature of associations between particular microorganisms and host performance is not always clear unless a manipulative approach has been used. Many studies have focussed on a correlative approach by characterising microbial community composition, but there is now a need for more experimental studies in both wild and laboratory‐based environments, to reveal the true role of gut microbiota in influencing the functioning of their hosts, including its capacity to tolerate environmental change. We highlight areas where these would be particularly fruitful in the context of ecological energetics

Dual-gated bilayer graphene hot electron bolometer

Detection of infrared light is central to diverse applications in security, medicine, astronomy, materials science, and biology. Often different materials and detection mechanisms are employed to optimize performance in different spectral ranges. Graphene is a unique material with strong, nearly frequency-independent light-matter interaction from far infrared to ultraviolet, with potential for broadband photonics applications. Moreover, graphene's small electron-phonon coupling suggests that hot-electron effects may be exploited at relatively high temperatures for fast and highly sensitive detectors in which light energy heats only the small-specific-heat electronic system. Here we demonstrate such a hot-electron bolometer using bilayer graphene that is dual-gated to create a tunable bandgap and electron-temperature-dependent conductivity. The measured large electron-phonon heat resistance is in good agreement with theoretical estimates in magnitude and temperature dependence, and enables our graphene bolometer operating at a temperature of 5 K to have a low noise equivalent power (33 fW/Hz1/2). We employ a pump-probe technique to directly measure the intrinsic speed of our device, >1 GHz at 10 K.Comment: 5 figure

Transcriptomic Analysis of Inbred Chicken Lines Reveals Infectious Bursal Disease Severity Is Associated with Greater Bursal Inflammation In Vivo and More Rapid Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Primary Bursal Cells Stimulated Ex Vivo

In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. Primary bursal cell populations isolated from uninfected line W birds contained a significantly greater percentage of KUL01+ macrophages than cells isolated from line 15I birds (p < 0.01) and, when stimulated ex vivo with LPS, showed more rapid up-regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression than those from line 15I birds. We hypothesize that a more rapid induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in bursal cells following IBDV infection leads to more severe disease in line W birds than in line 15I.

TRANSIT Working Paper # 7

A previous version of this paper has been part of TRANSIT Deliverable 3.3 (July 2016), the second prototype of TSI theory.[Abstract] This working paper presents a set of propositions about the agency and dynamics of transformative social innovation (TSI) that have been developed as part of an EU-funded research project entitled “TRANsformative Social Innovation Theory” (TRANSIT; 2014-2017). These TSI propositions represent first steps towards the development of a new theory of TSI, taking the form of proto-explanations of the agency and dynamics of TSI, based on the bringing together of our empirical observations on TSI and the project's theoretical reviews and theoretical framings. Ideally this working paper should be read in conjunction with the working paper entitled “A framework for transformative social innovation” (Haxeltine et al 2016) which presents in skeletal terms the theoretical and conceptual framing of TSI developed in the TRANSIT project. This TSI framework builds on sustainability transition studies, social innovation research, social psychology studies of empowerment and other several other areas of social theory to deliver a bespoke theoretical and conceptual framework that is grounded in a relational ontology and which is being employed as a platform for the development of a middle-range theory of TSI. Next we provide a very brief overview of some key elements of the framework, in particular how we conceptualise social innovation, transformative change, and transformative social innovation. Propositions were developed for each of four relational dimensions implied by the TSI framework with also a brief statement of the topic addressed by each of the twelve propositions.This article is based on research carried out as part of the Transformative Social Innovation Theory (“TRANSIT”) project, which is funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) under grant agreement 61316

Effects of place attachment on home return travel: a spatial perspective

Recent studies on place-mobility relationships suggest an increasing possibility that people can have multiple place attachments at varied spatial scales. Yet our understanding of how place attachment in different spatial scales affects mobility remains limited. This study investigates home return visits by Chinese diaspora tourists from North America who have made multiple trips to China. A total of 27 in-depth interviews with repeat home return travellers was conducted. Four different types of return movements were identified: local; dispersed; local & dispersed; and second-migration locale focused. A relationship was found between the participants’ sense of place, place identity and home return travel. The findings suggest that home return travel is more complex than previously thought. More focused sense of place and strong personal connection to ancestral homes may lead to more localized return, while a more generic sense of place (i.e. to ‘China’) and collective personal identity would result in a more dispersed travel pattern. Family migration history and strong attachment to family’s first migration destination also leads to focused return to the place. The study highlights the fact that place and place attachment are deeply personal and can evolve over time and space

Addressing risk factors for child abuse among high risk pregnant women: design of a randomised controlled trial of the nurse family partnership in Dutch preventive health care

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Low socio-economic status combined with other risk factors affects a person's physical and psychosocial health from childhood to adulthood. The societal impact of these problems is huge, and the consequences carry on into the next generation(s). Although several studies show these consequences, only a few actually intervene on these issues. In the United States, the Nurse Family Partnership focuses on high risk pregnant women and their children. The main goal of this program is primary prevention of child abuse. The Netherlands is the first country outside the United States allowed to translate and culturally adapt the Nurse Family Partnership into VoorZorg. The aim of the present study is to assess whether VoorZorg is as effective in the Netherland as in the United States.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study consists of three partly overlapping phases. Phase 1 was the translation and cultural adaptation of Nurse Family Partnership and the design of a two-stage selection procedure. Phase 2 was a pilot study to examine the conditions for implementation. Phase 3 is the randomized controlled trial of VoorZorg compared to the care as usual. Primary outcome measures were smoking cessation during pregnancy and after birth, birth outcomes, child development, child abuse and domestic violence. The secondary outcome measure was the number of risk factors present.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study shows that the Nurse Family Partnership was successfully translated and culturally adapted into the Dutch health care system and that this program fulfills the needs of high-risk pregnant women. We hypothesize that this program will be effective in addressing risk factors that operate during pregnancy and childhood and compromise fetal and child development.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials <a href="http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN16131117">ISRCTN16131117</a></p

Expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors in tomato promotes endogenous defensive response and enhances resistance to Tuta absoluta

[EN] Background: For as long as 350 million years, plants and insects have coexisted and developed a set of relationships which affect both organisms at different levels. Plants have evolved various morphological and biochemical adaptations to cope with herbivores attacks. However, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has become the major pest threatening tomato crops worldwide and without the appropriated management it can cause production losses between 80 to 100%. Results: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of a serine proteinase inhibitor (BTI-CMe) and a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (Hv-CPI2) from barley on this insect and to examine the effect their expression has on tomato defensive response. We found that larvae fed on the double transgenic plants showed a notable reduction in weight. Moreover, only 56% of the larvae reached the adult stage. The emerged adults showed wings deformities and reduced fertility. We also investigated the effect of proteinase inhibitors ingestion on the insect digestive enzymes. Our results showed a decrease in larval trypsin activity. Transgenes expression had no harmful effect on Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae), a predator of Tuta absoluta, despite transgenic tomato plants attracted the mirid. We also found that barley cystatin expression promoted plant defense by inducing the expression of the tomato endogenous wound inducible Proteinase inhibitor 2 (Pin2) gene, increasing the production of glandular trichomes and altering the emission of volatile organic compounds. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the co-expression of different proteinase inhibitors for the enhancement of plant resistance to Tuta absoluta.This work was partly supported by grants BIO2013-40747-R and AGL2014-55616-C3 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)Hamza, R.; Pérez-Hedo, M.; Urbaneja, A.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Granell Richart, A.; Gaddour, K.; Beltran Porter, JP.... (2018). Expression of two barley proteinase inhibitors in tomato promotes endogenous defensive response and enhances resistance to Tuta absoluta. BMC Plant Biology. 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1240-6S18Oerke EC. Crop losses to pests. J Agric Sci. 2005;144(01):31.Jouanin L, Bonadé-Bottino M, Girard C, Morrot G, Giband M. Transgenic plants for insect resistance. Plant Sci. 1998;131(1):1–11.Markwick NP, Docherty LC, Phung MM, Lester MT, Murray C, Yao JL, Mitra DS, Cohen D, Beuning LL, Kutty-Amma S, et al. Transgenic tobacco and apple plants expressing biotin-binding proteins are resistant to two cosmopolitan insect pests, potato tuber moth and lightbrown apple moth, respectively. Transgenic Res. 2003;12(6):671–81.Koiwa H, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM. Regulation of protease inhibitors and plant defense. Trends Plant Sci. 1997;2(10):379–84.Ryan CA. Protease inhibitors in plants: genes for improving defenses against insects and pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1990;28(1):425–49.Abdeen A, Virgos A, Olivella E, Villanueva J, Aviles X, Gabarra R, Prat S. Multiple insect resistance in transgenic tomato plants over-expressing two families of plant proteinase inhibitors. Plant Mol Biol. 2005;57(2):189–202.Quilis J, López-García B, Meynard D, Guiderdoni E, San Segundo B. Inducible expression of a fusion gene encoding two proteinase inhibitors leads to insect and pathogen resistance in transgenic rice. Plant Biotechnol J. 2014;12(3):367–77.Smigocki AC, Ivic-Haymes S, Li H, Savic J. Pest protection conferred by a Beta vulgaris serine proteinase inhibitor gene. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57303.Mazumdar-Leighton S, Broadway RM. Transcriptional induction of diverse midgut trypsins in larval Agrotis ipsilon and Helicoverpa zea feeding on the soybean trypsin inhibitor. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2001;31(6–7):645–57.Oppert B, Morgan TD, Hartzer K, Kramer KJ. Compensatory proteolytic responses to dietary proteinase inhibitors in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2005;140(1):53–8.Broadway RM. Dietary regulation of serine proteinases that are resistant to serine proteinase inhibitors. J Insect Physiol. 1997;43(9):855–74.Zhu-Salzman K, Koiwa H, Salzman R, Shade R, Ahn JE. Cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus uses a three-component strategy to overcome a plant defensive cysteine protease inhibitor. Insect Mol Biol. 2003;12(2):135–45.Oppert B, Morgan TD, Hartzer K, Lenarcic B, Galesa K, Brzin J, Turk V, Yoza K, Ohtsubo K, Kramer KJ. Effects of proteinase inhibitors on digestive proteinases and growth of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comparative biochemistry and physiology Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP. 2003;134(4):481–90.Duan X, Li X, Xue Q, Abo-El-Saad M, Xu D, Wu R. Transgenic rice plants harboring an introduced potato proteinase inhibitor II gene are insect resistant. Nat Biotechnol. 1996;14(4):494–8.Pompermayer P, Lopes AR, Terra WR, Parra JRP, Falco MC, Silva-Filho MC. Effects of soybean proteinase inhibitor on development, survival and reproductive potential of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2001;99(1):79–85.Alfonso-Rubí J, Ortego F, Castañera P, Carbonero P, Díaz I. Transgenic expression of trypsin inhibitor CMe from barley in indica and japonica rice, confers resistance to the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. Transgenic Res. 2003;12(1):23–31.Altpeter F, Diaz I, Mc Auslane H, Gaddour K, Carbonero P, Vasil IK. Increased insect resistance in transgenic wheat stably expressing trypsin inhibitor CMe. Mol Breed. 1999;5(1):53–63.Martinez M, Cambra I, Carrillo L, Diaz-Mendoza M, Diaz I. Characterization of the entire cystatin gene family in barley and their target cathepsin L-like cysteine-proteases, partners in the hordein mobilization during seed germination. Plant Physiol. 2009;151(3):1531–45.FAOSTAT: Food and Organization of the United Nations, statistics division. 2017.Mueller LA, Lankhorst RK, Tanksley SD, Giovannoni JJ, White R, Vrebalov J, Fei Z, van Eck J, Buels R, Mills AA, et al. A snapshot of the emerging tomato genome sequence. The Plant Genome. 2009;2(1):78–92.Ellul P, Garcia-Sogo B, Pineda B, Rios G, Roig L, Moreno V. The ploidy level of transgenic plants in agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato cotyledons (Lycopersicon esculentum L. mill.) is genotype and procedure dependent. Theor Appl Genet. 2003;106(2):231–8.Pino LE, Lombardi-Crestana S, Azevedo MS, Scotton DC, Borgo L, Quecini V, Figueira A, Peres LE. The Rg1 allele as a valuable tool for genetic transformation of the tomato'Micro-Tom'model system. Plant Methods. 2010;6(1):23.Sharma MK, Solanke AU, Jani D, Singh Y, Sharma AK. A simple and efficient agrobacterium-mediated procedure for transformation of tomato. J Biosci. 2009;34(3):423–33.van Eck J, Kirk DD, Walmsley AM. Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Agrobacterium Protocols. 2006:459–74.Dan Y, Yan H, Munyikwa T, Dong J, Zhang Y, Armstrong CL. MicroTom—a high-throughput model transformation system for functional genomics. Plant Cell Rep. 2006;25(5):432–41.Pearce G, Strydom D, Johnson S, Ryan CA. A polypeptide from tomato leaves induces wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor proteins. Science. 1991;253(5022):895–9.Farmer EE, Ryan CA. Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1990;87(19):7713–6.Bosch M, Wright LP, Gershenzon J, Wasternack C, Hause B, Schaller A, Stintzi A. Jasmonic acid and its precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid control different aspects of constitutive and induced herbivore defenses in tomato. Plant Physiol. 2014;166(1):396–410.Christensen SA, Nemchenko A, Borrego E, Murray I, Sobhy IS, Bosak L, DeBlasio S, Erb M, Robert CA, Vaughn KA. The maize lipoxygenase, ZmLOX10, mediates green leaf volatile, jasmonate and herbivore-induced plant volatile production for defense against insect attack. Plant J. 2013;74(1):59–73.Boughton AJ, Hoover K, Felton GW. Methyl jasmonate application induces increased densities of glandular trichomes on tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. J Chem Ecol. 2005;31(9):2211–6.Li L, Zhao Y, McCaig BC, Wingerd BA, Wang J, Whalon ME, Pichersky E, Howe GA. The tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 is required for the maternal control of seed maturation, jasmonate-signaled defense responses, and glandular trichome development. Plant Cell. 2004;16(1):126–43.Peiffer M, Tooker JF, Luthe DS, Felton GW. Plants on early alert: glandular trichomes as sensors for insect herbivores. New Phytol. 2009;184(3):644–56.Bryant J, Green TR, Gurusaddaiah T, Ryan CA. Proteinase inhibitor II from potatoes: isolation and characterization of its protomer components. Biochemistry. 1976;15(16):3418–24.Johnson R, Narvaez J, An G, Ryan C. Expression of proteinase inhibitors I and II in transgenic tobacco plants: effects on natural defense against Manduca sexta larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1989;86(24):9871–5.Klopfenstein NB, Allen KK, Avila FJ, Heuchelin SA, Martinez J, Carman RC, Hall RB, Hart ER, McNabb HS. Proteinase inhibitor II gene in transgenic poplar: chemical and biological assays. Biomass Bioenergy. 1997;12(4):299–311.Dicke M, Takabayashi J, Posthumus MA, Schütte C, Krips OE. Plant—Phytoseiid interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: variation in production of cues and in responses of predatory mites. Exp Appl Acarol. 1998;22(6):311–33.Turlings T, Loughrin JH, Mccall PJ, Röse U, Lewis WJ, Tumlinson JH. How caterpillar-damaged plants protect themselves by attracting parasitic wasps. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;92(10):4169–74.Levin DA. The role of trichomes in plant defense. Q Rev Biol. 1973;48(1, Part 1):3–15.Traw BM, Dawson TE. Differential induction of trichomes by three herbivores of black mustard. Oecologia. 2002;131(4):526–32.Handley R, Ekbom B, Ågren J. Variation in trichome density and resistance against a specialist insect herbivore in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecological Entomology. 2005;30(3):284–92.Valverde P, Fornoni J, NÚÑez-Farfán J. Defensive role of leaf trichomes in resistance to herbivorous insects in Datura stramonium. J Evol Biol. 2001;14(3):424–32.Elle E, Hare J. Environmentally induced variation in floral traits affects the mating system in Datura wrightii. Funct Ecol. 2002;16(1):79–88.Agrawal AA. Benefits and costs of induced plant defense for Lepidium virginicum (Brassicaceae). Ecology. 2000;81(7):1804–13.Dalin P, Björkman C. Adult beetle grazing induces willow trichome defence against subsequent larval feeding. Oecologia. 2003;134(1):112–8.Campos MR, Biondi A, Adiga A, Guedes RN, Desneux N. From the western Palaearctic region to beyond: Tuta absoluta 10 years after invading Europe. J Pest Sci. 2017:1–10.Desneux N, Wajnberg E, Wyckhuys KA, Burgio G, Arpaia S, Narváez-Vasquez CA, González-Cabrera J, Ruescas DC, Tabone E, Frandon J. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. J Pest Sci. 2010;83(3):197–215.Urbaneja A, Montón H, Mollá O. Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey for Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. J Appl Entomol. 2009;133(4):292–6.Pérez-Hedo M, Urbaneja A. Prospects for predatory mirid bugs as biocontrol agents of aphids in sweet peppers. J Pest Sci. 2015;88(1):65–73.Hewitt E. The composition of the nutrient solution. Sand and water culture methods used in the study of plant Nutrition. 1966:187–246.Karimi M, Inzé D, Depicker A. GATEWAY™ vectors for agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7(5):193–5.Martín-Trillo M, Grandío EG, Serra F, Marcel F, Rodríguez-Buey ML, Schmitz G, Theres K, Bendahmane A, Dopazo H, Cubas P. Role of tomato BRANCHED1-like genes in the control of shoot branching. Plant J. 2011;67(4):701–14.Vargas C. Observations on the bionomics and natural enemies of the tomato moth, Gnorimoschema absoluta (Meyrick)(Lep. Gelechiidae). Idesia. 1970;1:75–110.Mollá O, Biondi A, Alonso-Valiente M, Urbaneja A. A comparative life history study of two mirid bugs preying on Tuta absoluta and Ephestia kuehniella eggs on tomato crops: implications for biological control. BioControl. 2014;59(2):175–83.Abbot C. Solar variation and the weather. Science (New York, NY). 1925;62(1605):307.Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72(1–2):248–54.Bouagga S, Urbaneja A, Rambla JL, Granell A, Pérez-Hedo M. Orius laevigatus strengthens its role as a biological control agent by inducing plant defenses. J Pest Sci. 2017:1–10.Hilder VA, Gatehouse AM, Sheerman SE, Barker RF, Boulter D. A novel mechanism of insect resistance engineered into tobacco. Nature. 1987;330(6144):160–3.Saikia K, Kalita J, Saikia PK. Biology and life cycle generations of common crow–Euploea core core Cramer (Lepidoptera: Danainae) on Hemidesmus indica host plant. Int J NeBIO. 2010;1(3):28–37.Srinivasan A, Giri AP, Gupta VS. Structural and functional diversities in lepidopteran serine proteases. Cellular & molecular biology letters. 2006;11(1):132.Tamhane VA, Chougule NP, Giri AP, Dixit AR, Sainani MN, Gupta VS. In vivo and in vitro effect of Capsicum annum proteinase inhibitors on Helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 2005;1722(2):156–67.Telang M, Srinivasan A, Patankar A, Harsulkar A, Joshi V, Damle A, Deshpande V, Sainani M, Ranjekar P, Gupta G. Bitter gourd proteinase inhibitors: potential growth inhibitors of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Phytochemistry. 2003;63(6):643–52.Damle MS, Giri AP, Sainani MN, Gupta VS. Higher accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in flowers than leaves and fruits as a possible basis for differential feeding preference of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill, cv. Dhanashree). Phytochemistry. 2005;66(22):2659–67.De Leo F, Bonadé-Bottino MA, Ceci LR, Gallerani R, Jouanin L. Opposite effects on spodoptera littoralis larvae of high expression level of a trypsin proteinase inhibitor in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 1998;118(3):997–1004.Rahbé Y, Ferrasson E, Rabesona H, Quillien L. Toxicity to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum of anti-chymotrypsin isoforms and fragments of Bowman–Birk protease inhibitors from pea seeds. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2003;33(3):299–306.Luo M, Ding L-W, Ge Z-J, Wang Z-Y, Hu B-L, Yang X-B, Sun Q-Y, Xu Z-F. The characterization of SaPIN2b, a plant trichome-localized proteinase inhibitor from Solanum americanum. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(11):15162–76.Dalin P, Ågren J, Björkman C, Huttunen P, Kärkkäinen K. Leaf trichome formation and plant resistance to herbivory. In: Dordrecht SA, editor. Induced plant resistance to herbivory. Netherlands: Springer; 2008. p. 89–105.Gonzáles WL, Negritto MA, Suárez LH, Gianoli E. Induction of glandular and non-glandular trichomes by damage in leaves of Madia sativa under contrasting water regimes. Acta Oecol. 2008;33(1):128–32.Luo M, Wang Z, Li H, Xia K-F, Cai Y, Xu Z-F. Overexpression of a weed (Solanum americanum) proteinase inhibitor in transgenic tobacco results in increased glandular trichome density and enhanced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(4):1896–910.Björkman C, Dalin P, Ahrné K. Leaf trichome responses to herbivory in willows: induction, relaxation and costs. New Phytol. 2008;179(1):176–84.Duffey S. Plant glandular trichomes: their partial role in defence against insects. Insects and the plant surface. London: Edward Arnold; 1986. p. 151–72.James DG. Further field evaluation of synthetic herbivore-induced plan volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. J Chem Ecol. 2005;31(3):481–95.Naselli M, Zappalà L, Gugliuzzo A, Garzia GT, Biondi A, Rapisarda C, Cincotta F, Condurso C, Verzera A, Siscaro G. Olfactory response of the zoophytophagous mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis to tomato and alternative host plants. Arthropod Plant Interact. 2017;11(2):121–31.Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology. 2015;148:63-106.Lange BM, Rujan T, Martin W, Croteau R. Isoprenoid biosynthesis: the evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97(24):13172–7.Dudareva N, Klempien A, Muhlemann JK, Kaplan I. Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds. New Phytol. 2013;198(1):16–32.Razal RA, Ellis S, Singh S, Lewis NG, Towers GHN. Nitrogen recycling in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Phytochemistry. 1996;41(1):31–5.Effmert U, Große J, Röse US, Ehrig F, Kägi R, Piechulla B. Volatile composition, emission pattern, and localization of floral scent emission in Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae). Am J Bot. 2005;92(1):2–12.Guterman I, Masci T, Chen X, Negre F, Pichersky E, Dudareva N, Weiss D, Vainstein A. Generation of phenylpropanoid pathway-derived volatiles in transgenic plants: rose alcohol acetyltransferase produces phenylethyl acetate and benzyl acetate in petunia flowers. Plant Mol Biol. 2006;60(4):555–63.Vogel JT, Tan B-C, McCarty DR, Klee HJ. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 enzyme has broad substrate specificity, cleaving multiple carotenoids at two different bond positions. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(17):11364–73.Colquhoun TA, Kim JY, Wedde AE, Levin LA, Schmitt KC, Schuurink RC, Clark DG. PhMYB4 fine-tunes the floral volatile signature of petunia×hybrida through PhC4H. J Exp Bot. 2011;62(3):1133–43.Kolosova N, Gorenstein N, Kish CM, Dudareva N. Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants. Plant Cell. 2001;13(10):2333–47.Maeda H, Shasany AK, Schnepp J, Orlova I, Taguchi G, Cooper BR, Rhodes D, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. RNAi suppression of arogenate dehydratase1 reveals that phenylalanine is synthesized predominantly via the arogenate pathway in petunia petals. Plant Cell. 2010;22(3):832–49.Lerdau M, Gray D. Ecology and evolution of light-dependent and light-independent phytogenic volatile organic carbon. New Phytol. 2003;157(2):199–211.Martin DM, Gershenzon J, Bohlmann J. Induction of volatile terpene biosynthesis and diurnal emission by methyl jasmonate in foliage of Norway spruce. Plant Physiol. 2003;132(3):1586–99.van Doorn WG, Woltering EJ. Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(3):453–80