40,151 research outputs found
Model Evaluasi Mutu Sekolah: Pengembangan Instrumen untuk Menetapkan Mutu
Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan: (1) model evaluasi mutu sekolah berbasis teori, hasil riset, dan informasi yang dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan mutu sekolah, (2) instrumen evaluasi mutu sekolah yang dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat bagi stakeholder, baik dari segi implementasi komponen dan indikator mutu maupun best practice dan best approach dalam peningkatan mutu sekolah secara berkelanjutan, dan (3) mekanisme evaluasi yang meliputi pengumpulan data, pengolahan dan analisis data, serta pemaknaan dan tindak lanjut hasil evaluasi dilakukan.
Secara konseptual dan prosedural, model pengembangan yang digunakan pada penelitian dan pengembangan ini merujuk pada tiga model, yakni: (1) Research and Development (R&D) yang dikembangkan Borg dan Gall, (2) Research and Development Stages (R&D) yang dikembangkan Krajewski dan Ritzman, dan (3) Research Development and Diffusion (RD&D) yang dikembangkan Havelock. Subjek coba dalam R&D dilakukan tiga tahap yakni uji coba pendahuluan melibatkan 20 orang pakar dan praktisi pendidikan, uji coba utama diterapkan pada 250 subjek coba di SMA Negeri 4 Malang, dan uji coba operasional diterapkan pada 442 subjek coba di SMA Negeri 3 Malang, SMA Negeri 10 Malang, SMA Lab UM serta SMA A Yani Malang dengan melibatkan siswa, guru, dan orang tua siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik Delphi, FGD, angket, dokumen, observasi, wawancara, penilaian porto folio. Validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen angket dianalisis ITEMAN, sedangkan keabsahan data kualitatif dilakukan dengan trianggulasi antar sumber, tempat, dan metode. Analisis data kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis deskriptif dan data kualitatif dengan model interaktif.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Model EMS: (1) pengembangan komponen dan indikator mutu sekolah dilakukan melalui R&D. Artinya, untuk menghasilkan komponen dan indikator mutu sebagai inti (core) dari model EMS dilakukan melalui kajian konseptual, teoretik, dan empirik di lapangan melalui survai, FGD, dan teknik Delphi; (2) ada interaksi yang positif antar pakar pendidikan dan praktisi pendidikan dalam memberikan judgment komponen dan indikator mutu sekolah. Artinya, proses pengembangan Model EMS yang di dalamnya berisi sepuluh komponen mutu dan empat puluh dua indikator mutu merupakan kesepakatan bersama yang akan digunakan sebagai acuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen EMS; (3) model EMS hasil pengembangan memiliki kepekaan yang tinggi terhadap objek yang diteliti. Artinya, dalam proses ujicoba pendahuluan, utama, dan operasional di lima Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) pada 742 subjek coba dapat mengungkap data yang dibutuhkan; (4) model EMS hasil pengembangan dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat bagi stakeholder. Artinya, tujuh jenis instrumen yang digunakan meliputi angket, dokumentasi, observasi, wawancara, dan penilaian porto folio dapat memberikan seluruh informasi yang berkaitan dengan implementasi komponen dan indikator mutu, termasuk best practice dan best approach yang dilakukan siswa, guru, kepala sekolah; (5) tingkat koherensi instrumen EMS ketika digunakan untuk menetapkan mutu sekolah sesuai dengan rancangan. Artinya, lima jenis instrumen yang digunakan dapat memberikan informasi yang saling mendukung dan melengkapi antara data kuantitatif yang dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif maupun data kualitatif yang dianalisis dengan interaktif; dan (6) kelebihan dibandingkan instrumen BAS Nas dan SNP signifikan. Artinya, instrumen EMS: (a) komprehensif, karena komponen dan mutu indikator mutu mewakili hampir seluruh kegiatan penyelenggaraan pendidikan, (b) holistik, karena dapat mengungkap fakta sesungguhnya apa yang terjadi di sekolah, (c) mudah dilakukan, (d) temuan EMS dapat digunakan sebagai evaluasi diri sekolah, (e) efektif digunakan sekolah tanpa mengganggu proses pembelajaran yang ada, (f) mendukung persiapan akreditasi sekolah dan penjaminan mutu, serta (g) independen karena melibatkan komite sekolah
CONS PRODUCTION BETWEEN SYSTEM SHADOWING AND NATURAL LIGHT ON ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
Abstract— A work of architecture in the
design process can not be separated from consideration of
aspects of Design Guide (Design Guide Lines Aspect) ,
which covers the functional aspects, contextual aspects,
performance aspects, technical aspects, cost aspects, and
aesthetic aspects (image), which together interact,
interelasi, and interdependence. Particularly in Indonesia,
which is the tropics, is the contextual aspect didak
consideration can be avoided, so that the building as a work
of architecture able to efficiently utilize the potential of a
tropical climate, on the other hand could also counteract the
negative influence of the tropical climate. At this time, the
energy crisis is the growing issues around the world,
considering 40% of energy absorbed by the field of
architecture.
Bright sky as a source of natural light, is a
potential source of tropical should be used efficiently, while
the sun should be in the amulet through the technique of
shadowing system, because the negative effects of this
radiation is a source of heat in the room. In an effort to save
energy by using light and sunlight to counteract the facade
design is very dependent on the orientation of the building
face. In the design process, the response to the character of
the building footprint will have an impact also on the
orientation of the building face, which is an important
consideration from funsional aspects, performance, and
aesthetics. Therefore, not all buildings have the opportunity
to advance the building orientation to the path of the sun
profitable circulation.
In a less favorable orientation (more inclined
toward the east or west) facade exposed resulting radiation
exposure to the sun, this radiation due to the amount of heat
gain (heat gain) to enter the building through the openings
(light hole) will be effective (significant), and to overcome
required no small amount of energy. To avoid this element
of deterrence is needed sun (sun shading devices) on the
display of the building, especially to be able to overshadow
the opening for the skylight.
The problem will arise when the
consideration of the use of light appears as a natural
lighting. This is because, the application of shadowing
system of deterrence elements sunlight in architectural
design will reduce the effective light-hole as a source of
natural lighting. This contradiction is very interesting to
find a solution, how far the efficiency of sunlight deterrent
element, but at the same time able to keep the hole as the
effective light source in an optimal natural lighting. In this
case also made possible the breakthrough technology that
sun-stress element is once again able to replace the sky
light as a source of natural light.
Existence of counter-productive systems and
the use of light imagery in natural light in architectural
design in the context of this is the insight that energyefficient
architecture is one of the typology-oriented
architecture of global environmental conservation.
.
Keywords : system shadowing, natural light, energy
efficient architecture
Pendahuluan
Indonesia yang merupakan negara yang
terletak daidaerah tropis dengan iklim tropis basah, dapat
dikatakan penggunaan energi BBM dan listrik lebih rendah
dibanding negara di kawasan sub-tropis yang dapat
mencapai 60 persen dari total konsumsi energi. Kondisi ini
dikarenakan di negara sub-tropis pada musim dingin
membutuhkan energi untuk pemanas ruang bagi semua
lapisan masyarakat, sedangkan di Indonesia untuk
mengatasi udara yang panas diatasi dengan penggunaan
pendingin ruang (AC) yang hanya digunakan pada sejumlah
kecil bangunan terutama di daerah perkotaan. Walaupun
tindak antisipasi lebih lanjut, pada akhirnya akan
memberikan kontribusi penurunan konsumsi energi secara
nasional yang signifikan.
Bangunan merupakan penyaring faktor
alamiah penyebab ketidaknyamanan, seperti hantaran panas
akibat paparan radiasi matahari, dan dapat pula sebagai
penangkap cahaya alami sebagai potensi tropis untuk
penerangan siang hari. Penghematan energi melalui rancang
bangun dimaksudkan pada upaya penghematan listrik, baik
untuk pendingin udara (AC) maupun penerangan buatan di
siang hari. Dengan arti kata lain, strategi perancangan akan
mampu memodifikasi iklim luar yang tidak nyaman
menjadi iklim ruang yang nyaman dengan konsumsi energi
yang rendah. Para arsitek Barat sudah memulai langkahlangkah
strategi perancangan bangunan hemat energi sejak
terjadinya keisis energi dunia sekitar tahun 1973, ironinya
di Indonesia belum terasa adanya ”greget” kalangan arsitek
Indonesia secara konsisten menuju upaya bangunan hemat
energi
Parabolic subgroups of Garside groups II: ribbons
We introduce and investigate the ribbon groupoid associated with a Garside
group. Under a technical hypothesis, we prove that this category is a Garside
groupoid. We decompose this groupoid into a semi-direct product of two of its
parabolic subgroupoids and provide a groupoid presentation. In order to
established the latter result, we describe quasi-centralizers in Garside
groups. All results hold in the particular case of Artin-Tits groups of
spherical type
Free Will as a Psychological Accomplishment
I offer analyses of free will in terms of a complex set of psychological capacities agents possess to varying degrees and have varying degrees of opportunities to exercise effectively, focusing on the under-appreciated but essential capacities for imagination. For an agent to have free will is for her to possess the psychological capacities to make decisions—to imagine alternatives for action, to select among them, and to control her actions accordingly—such that she is the author of her actions and can deserve credit or blame for them. For an agent to act of her own free will is for her to have had (reasonable) opportunity to exercise these capacities in making her decision and acting. There is a long philosophical tradition of treating free will as the set of capacities that, when properly functioning, allow us to make decisions that contribute to our leading a good or flourishing life. On this view, free will is a psychological accomplishment. Free will allows us to be the causal source of our actions in a way that is compatible with determinism and naturalism
Brexit and the provision of financial services into the EU and into the UK
Brexit is likely to lead to the relocation of UK financial services firms to the EU in order to be able to access EU markets, mainly through the EU passport. The same applies to the EU firms intending to be active on the UK markets. The access conditions to the EU markets are numerous and complex, laid down in EU and national legislation and regulation, and applied by the national supervisory authorities. The European Supervisory Authorities or "ESAs" have published elaborate statements, called Opinions, on the detailed access conditions and the way they intend to apply these. The two main objectives are the full application of EU law, and the avoidance of authorizing EU firms that would be "empty boxes" for activity that would in fact be exercised in the UK, and this mainly by delegating activities to another firm. Underlying is a policy of competition between national economies for relocations of EU firms, or of business activities to be developed on the UK financial markets
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