42 research outputs found
Conduct disorder in girls: neighborhoods, family characteristics, and parenting behaviors
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Little is known about the social context of girls with conduct disorder (CD), a question of increasing importance to clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between three social context domains (neighborhood, family characteristics, and parenting behaviors) and CD in adolescent girls, additionally testing for race moderation effects. We predicted that disadvantaged neighborhoods, family characteristics such as parental marital status, and parenting behaviors such as negative discipline would characterize girls with CD. We also hypothesized that parenting behaviors would mediate the associations between neighborhood and family characteristics and CD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We recruited 93 15â17 year-old girls from the community and used a structured psychiatric interview to assign participants to a CD group (n = 52) or a demographically matched group with no psychiatric disorder (n = 41). Each girl and parent also filled out questionnaires about neighborhood, family characteristics, and parenting behaviors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Neighborhood quality was not associated with CD in girls. Some family characteristics (parental antisociality) and parenting behaviors (levels of family activities and negative discipline) were characteristic of girls with CD, but notll. There was no moderation by race. Our hypothesis that the association between family characteristics and CD would be mediated by parenting behaviors was not supported.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study expanded upon previous research by investigating multiple social context domains in girls with CD and by selecting a comparison group who were not different in age, social class, or race. When these factors are thus controlled, CD in adolescent girls is not significantly associated with neighborhood, but is associated with some family characteristics and some types of parental behaviors. However, the mechanisms underlying these relationships need to be further investigated. We discuss possible explanations for our findings and suggest directions for future research.</p
Perinatal and Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Variable and Persistent Cognitive Delay at 24 and 48Â Months of Age in a National Sample
The objective of this paper is to examine patterns of cognitive delay at 24 and 48 months and quantify the effects of perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors on persistent and variable cognitive delay. Using data from 7,200 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), multiple logistic regression models identified significant predictors of low cognitive functioning at 24 and 48Â months. Additional multiple logistic models predicting cognitive delay at 48Â months were estimated separately for children with and without delay at 24Â months. Of the nearly 1,000 children delayed at 24Â months, 24.2% remained delayed by 48Â months; 7.9% of the children not delayed at 24Â months exhibited delay at 48Â months. Low and very low birthweight increased cognitive delay risk at 24, but not 48Â months. Low maternal education had a strongly increasing effect (ORÂ =Â 2.3 at 24Â months, ORÂ =Â 13.7 at 48Â months), as did low family income (ORÂ =Â 1.4 at 24Â months, ORÂ =Â 7.0 at 48Â months). Among children delayed at 24Â months, low maternal education predicted delay even more strongly at 48Â months (ORÂ =Â 30.5). Low cognitive functioning is highly dynamic from 24 to 48Â months. Although gestational factors including low birthweight increase childrenâs risk of cognitive delay at 24Â months, low maternal education and family income are more prevalent in the pediatric population and are much stronger predictors of both persistent and emerging delay between ages 24 and 48Â months
The Transition from School to Work for Children of Immigrants with Lower-Level Educational Credentials in the United States and France
Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept
Although parenting styles constitute a well-known concept in parenting research, two issues have largely been overlooked in existing studies. In particular, the psychological control dimension has rarely been explicitly modelled and there is limited insight into joint parenting styles that simultaneously characterize maternal and paternal practices and their impact on child development. Using data from a sample of 600 Flemish families raising an 8-to-10 year old child, we identified naturally occurring joint parenting styles. A cluster analysis based on two parenting dimensions (parental support and behavioral control) revealed four congruent parenting styles: an authoritative, positive authoritative, authoritarian and uninvolved parenting style. A subsequent cluster analysis comprising three parenting dimensions (parental support, behavioral and psychological control) yielded similar cluster profiles for the congruent (positive) authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, while the fourth parenting style was relabeled as a congruent intrusive parenting style. ANOVAs demonstrated that having (positive) authoritative parents associated with the most favorable outcomes, while having authoritarian parents coincided with the least favorable outcomes. Although less pronounced than for the authoritarian style, having intrusive parents also associated with poorer child outcomes. Results demonstrated that accounting for parental psychological control did not yield additional parenting styles, but enhanced our understanding of the pattern among the three parenting dimensions within each parenting style and their association with child outcomes. More similarities than dissimilarities in the parenting of both parents emerged, although adding psychological control slightly enlarged the differences between the scores of mothers and fathers
The social inequalities of Internet access, its use, and the impact on childrenâs academic performance: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Switzerland
Intra-familial physical violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth ViolĂȘncia fĂsica intra-familiar entre jovens mexicanos e egĂpcios
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth and to describe its associated risk factors. METHODS: Data from questionnaires applied to 12,862 Mexican and 5,662 Egyptian youth, aged 10 to 19, who attended public schools were analyzed. Biviarate and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between socio-demographics, the experience of intra-familial violence and violence perpetration. RESULTS: The prevalence of having experienced intra-familial violence was comparable across the Mexican and Egyptian populations (14% and 17%, respectively). In Mexico, young men were more likely to have experienced such violence (OR=2.36) than women, whereas in Egypt, young women were at slightly greater risk than young men (OR=1.25). Older age, male gender and urban residence were independent correlates of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican youth. For Egyptian adolescents, in contrast, younger age, female gender and having non-married parents were independent correlates of victimization. Intra-familial violence victims were also more likely than non-victims to perpetrate violence (Mexico: OR=13.13; Egypt: OR=6.58). CONCLUSIONS: Mexican and Egyptian youth experienced intra-familial violence at a relatively low prevalence when compared with youth of other countries. A strong association was found between experiencing intra-familial violence and perpetrating violence.<br>OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalĂȘncia da violĂȘncia intra-familiar sofrida por jovens mexicanos e egĂpcios, e descrever os fatores de risco associados. MĂTODOS: Os dados analisados foram obtidos de questionĂĄrios aplicados a 12.862 mexicanos e 5.662 egĂpcios, jovens de 10 a 19 anos, que freqĂŒentam escolas pĂșblicas. O relacionamento entre fatores sociodemogrĂĄficos, a violĂȘncia sofrida e sua perpetração foram investigados por meio de anĂĄlise bivariada e regressĂŁo logĂstica. RESULTADOS: A prevalĂȘncia de violĂȘncia intra-familiar foi comparĂĄvel entre as populaçÔes mexicana e egĂpcia (14% e 17%, respectivamente). No MĂ©xico, essa violĂȘncia foi muito mais provĂĄvel entre os homens jovens do que entre mulheres (OR=2,36), enquanto que no Egito era mais provĂĄvel entre as mulheres jovens do que homens (OR=1,25). Idade mais elevada, gĂȘnero masculino e residĂȘncia urbana sĂŁo fatores associados a violĂȘncia intra-familiar entre jovens mexicanos. Entre jovens egĂpcios, a idade mais baixa,o gĂȘnero feminino e pais nĂŁo casados foram fatores associados a essa violĂȘncia. Foi mais provĂĄvel a repetição da violĂȘncia pelos jovens que eram vĂtimas da violĂȘncia intra-familiar (MĂ©xico: OR=13,13; Egito: OR=6,58). CONCLUSĂES: A prevalĂȘncia de experimentar a violĂȘncia intra-familiar de jovens mexicanos e egĂpcios foi baixa em comparação com jovens em outros paĂses. Houve forte associação entre vĂtimas de violĂȘncia intra-familiar e a repetição da violĂȘncia