Borkekstrakt som middel mot koksidiose hos lam?

Rapporten bygger på resultat frå fleire finansieringkjelder, først og fremst Regionalt forskingsfond Midt-Norge, EU-prosjektet Organic-PLUS og industripartnarar. Koksidiar er eincella parasittar som kan gje alvorleg sjukdom i tarmen hos pattedyr og fugl. Koksidiose hos lam er eit stort problem i sauehaldet. Bruk av koksidiostatika (middel som hemmar utviklinga av koksidiane) er svært utbreidd og kan føre til utvikling av resistens, slik at det er av stor betydning å finne alternativ til desse. Internasjonalt er det stor interesse for forsking på bruk av planteekstrakt som fôrtilsettingsmiddel for å hindre parasittane i utviklinga. Vi har tidlegare vist at kondenserte tanninar frå bork frå norsk sagbruksindustri kan ha effekt mot parasittar i laboratorieforsøk. I dette pilotprosjektet har vi gjennomført ei første utprøving av borkekstrakt som fôrtilsetningsmiddel mot koksidiose på levande lam. Bork er elles eit avfallsprodukt for industrien. I forsøket hadde vi 24 lam fordelt på tre grupper à åtte lam. Ei gruppe vart smitta med koksidiar og fekk inga behandling, ei anna gruppe vart smitta og fekk behandling med borkekstrakt frå same dag som dei vart smitta og i 14 dagar framover, og den tredje gruppa vart verken smitta eller behandla (kontrollgruppe). Borkekstraktet var framstilt av fersk granbork frå Bøfjorden Sag AS og ekstrahert med vatn og deretter avdampa og tørka hos SINTEF Industri. Av 235 kg fersk granbork fekk vi ca. 6 kg tørt borkekstrakt (92% tørrstoff), med eit innhald av ca. 300 g CT-tørrstoff. Utbyttet av tørt ekstrakt var ca. 11-12% . Prøver frå tre av fem kanner med konsentrat viste alle 49 g CT/kg tørt ekstrakt. Alle lamma vart slakta tre veker etter smitte. Kontrollgruppa var friske gjennom heile forsøket og hadde best tilvekst. Gruppa som vart smitta , men ikkje fekk behandling, begynte å få diaré og redusert tilvekst frå om lag dag 15 etter behandling, men vart ikkje særleg sjuke i den korte tida vi hadde dei i forsøk. Gruppa som vart smitta og fekk borkekstrakt, fekk litt diaré dei dagane dei fekk ekstraktet, og dei mista matlysta og tilveksten i desse dagane. Så snart behandlinga var over, kom dei seg fort og hadde normal avføring og auka tilvekst i resten av forsøksperioden. Volumet og konsistensen på ekstraktet vi ga dei var tydeleg negativt for matlyst og tilvekst under behandlinga. Når vi talte parasittar (oocyster) i avføringa frå lamma før smitte og dag 12,14,17 og 21 etter smitte, fann vi langt færre parasittegg hos lamma som hadde fått borkekstrakt ved slutten av forsøket (dag 22) . Hos lamma som ikkje vart behandla, fann vi oocyster frå ca. dag 14 etter smitte og det auka mykje dei neste fem dagane. Hos lamma som fekk borkekstrakt, fann vi oocyster i eit svært lite tal frå dag 17 etter smitte og fram til vi avslutta forsøket. Statistisk vurdering av resultata ved regresjonsanalyser støttar hypotesa om at borkekstrakt reduserer utskiljinga av koksidiar hos lam for den perioden vi har gjort observasjonar. Det var signifikant effekt av behandling på utskiljinga av parasittar (P<0,0005) og det var ein klar samanheng mellom behandling og tidspunkt for utskiljing av oocyster (P<0,0001). Mengde ekstrakt som vi kunne gje til lamma utan at dei vart sjuke, viste seg å vere mindre enn vi hadde trudd på førehand på bakgrunn av referansar frå andre forsøk, og måten vi måtte gje det på (sonde) er ikkje foreinleg med praktisk sauehald. Ut frå dette forsøket ser vi at det er innhaldsstoff i bork som har effekt mot koksidiar av Eimeria-arten hos lam, men det er behov for meir forsking, både grunnforsking og anvendt forsking, for å forstå kva stoff dette er, om det er berre tanninar eller om det kanskje er heilt andre plantestoff som også har effekt. Det er nødvendig å finne ut korleis mekanismane som hemmar utviklinga til parasittane fungerer, mellom anna på kva stadium parasitten blir påverka. For å undersøke dette er det behov for meir langvarige forsøk enn det vi har hatt, slik at ein kan studere effekten både når det gjeld tilvekst, klinisk tilstand og ikkje minst parasittutvikling over ein heil beiteperiode. Vidare er det behov for eit utviklingsarbeid for å effektivisere ekstraksjonsprosessen og redusere produksjonskostnaden. Dette gjeld heile kjeda frå innsamling av bork, tørking og oppmaling og til slutt sjølve ekstraheringa, val av ekstraksjonsmiddel og konsentrasjonsprosessen. For å komme i praktisk bruk, må ein utvikle ei form for fôrtilsetjing eller eit medikament som kan gjevast til unge, diande dyr som eingongsbehandling, eller i det minste som kan ha effekt om det blir tilført nokre få gonger. Til eldre dyr kan det vere aktuelt å sjå om det kan tilsetjast i kraftfôr, eller til mineralnæring eller saltslikkesteinar

Extract from Norwegian spruce bark against Eimeria in lambs

Coccidiosis is a serious disease in Young lambs in Norway. Resistance against Commercial anticoccidial chemicals have been demonstrated in conventional sheep farming. Condensed tannins (CT) from plant material have showed effect against nematodes and coccidia in former studies. In this study, etrxacts from Norwegian spruce bark was tested against Emeria spp in young lambs. The extract had a significant effect on the development of coccidia

Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose alters the plasma amino acid profile in Standardbred trotters

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The branched chain amino acid leucine is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion. Used in combination with glucose it can increase the insulin response and the post exercise re-synthesis of glycogen in man. Decreased plasma amino acid concentrations have been reported after intravenous or per oral administration of leucine in man as well as after a single per oral dose in horses. In man, a negative correlation between the insulin response and the concentrations of isoleucine, valine and methionine have been shown but results from horses are lacking. This study aims to determine the effect of repeated per oral administration with a mixture of glucose and leucine on the free amino acid profile and the insulin response in horses after glycogen-depleting exercise.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a crossover design, after a glycogen depleting exercise, twelve Standardbred trotters received either repeated oral boluses of glucose, 1 g/kg body weight (BW) at 0, 2 and 4 h with addition of leucine 0.1 g/kg BW at 0 and 4 h (GLU+LEU), or repeated boluses of water at 0, 2 and 4 h (CON). Blood samples for analysis of glucose, insulin and amino acid concentrations were collected prior to exercise and over a 6 h post-exercise period. A mixed model approach was used for the statistical analyses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plasma leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations increased after exercise. Post-exercise serum glucose and plasma insulin response were significantly higher in the GLU+LEU treatment compared to the CON treatment. Plasma leucine concentrations increased after supplementation. During the post-exercise period isoleucine, valine and methionine concentrations decreased in both treatments but were significantly lower in the GLU+LEU treatment. There was no correlation between the insulin response and the response in plasma leucine, isoleucine, valine and methionine.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Repeated post-exercise administration with a mixture of leucine and glucose caused a marked insulin response and altered the plasma amino acid profile in horses in a similar manner as described in man. However, the decreases seen in plasma amino acids in horses seem to be related more to an effect of leucine and not to the insulin response as seen in man.</p

Molecular crowding defines a common origin for the Warburg effect in proliferating cells and the lactate threshold in muscle physiology

Aerobic glycolysis is a seemingly wasteful mode of ATP production that is seen both in rapidly proliferating mammalian cells and highly active contracting muscles, but whether there is a common origin for its presence in these widely different systems is unknown. To study this issue, here we develop a model of human central metabolism that incorporates a solvent capacity constraint of metabolic enzymes and mitochondria, accounting for their occupied volume densities, while assuming glucose and/or fatty acid utilization. The model demonstrates that activation of aerobic glycolysis is favored above a threshold metabolic rate in both rapidly proliferating cells and heavily contracting muscles, because it provides higher ATP yield per volume density than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In the case of muscle physiology, the model also predicts that before the lactate switch, fatty acid oxidation increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases to zero with concomitant increase in glucose utilization, in agreement with the empirical evidence. These results are further corroborated by a larger scale model, including biosynthesis of major cell biomass components. The larger scale model also predicts that in proliferating cells the lactate switch is accompanied by activation of glutaminolysis, another distinctive feature of the Warburg effect. In conclusion, intracellular molecular crowding is a fundamental constraint for cell metabolism in both rapidly proliferating- and non-proliferating cells with high metabolic demand. Addition of this constraint to metabolic flux balance models can explain several observations of mammalian cell metabolism under steady state conditions

Nine weeks of supplementation with a multi-nutrient product augments gains in lean mass, strength, and muscular performance in resistance trained men

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with Gaspari Nutrition's SOmaxP Maximum Performance™ (SOmaxP) versus a comparator product (CP) containing an equal amount of creatine (4 g), carbohydrate (39 g maltodextrin), and protein (7 g whey protein hydrolysate) on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition during nine weeks of intense resistance training.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using a prospective, randomized, double-blind design, 20 healthy men (mean ± SD age, height, weight, % body fat: 22.9 ± 2.6 y, 178.4 ± 5.7 cm, 80.5 ± 6.6 kg, 16.6 ± 4.0%) were matched for age, body weight, resistance training history, bench press strength, bench press endurance, and percent body fat and then randomly assigned via the ABBA procedure to ingest 1/2 scoop (dissolved in 15 oz water) of SOmaxP or CP prior to, and another 1/2 scoop (dissolved in 15 oz water) during resistance exercise. Body composition (DEXA), muscular performance (1-RM bench press and repetitions to failure [RTF: 3 sets × baseline body weight, 60-sec rest between sets]), and clinical blood chemistries were measured at baseline and after nine weeks of supplementation and training. Subjects were required to maintain their normal dietary habits and follow a specific, progressive overload resistance training program (4-days/wk, upper body/lower body split) during the study. An intent-to-treat approach was used and data were analyzed via ANCOVA using baseline values as the covariate. Statistical significance was set <it>a priori </it>at p ≤ 0.05.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When adjusted for initial differences, significant between group post-test means were noted in: 1-RM bench press (SOmaxP: 133.3 ± 1.3 kg [19.8% increase] vs. CP: 128.5 ± 1.3 kg [15.3% increase]; p < 0.019); lean mass (SOmaxP: 64.1 ± 0.4 kg [2.4% increase] vs. 62.8 ± 0.4 kg [0.27% increase], p < 0.049); RTF (SOmaxP: 33.3 ± 1.1 reps [44.8% increase] vs. 27.8 ± 1.1 reps [20.9% increase], p < 0.004); and fat mass (SOmaxP: 12.06 ± 0.53 kg [9.8% decrease] vs. 13.90 ± 0.53 kg [4.1% increase], p < 0.024). No statistically significant differences in vital signs (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures) or clinical blood chemistries were noted.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data indicate that compared to CP, SOmaxP administration augments and increases gains in lean mass, bench press strength, and muscular performance during nine weeks of intense resistance training. Studies designed to confirm these results and clarify the molecular mechanisms by which SOmaxP exerts the observed salutary effects have begun. Both SOmaxP and the CP were well-tolerated, and no supplement safety issues were identified.</p

Consensus Statement Immunonutrition and Exercise.

In this consensus statement on immunonutrition and exercise, a panel of knowledgeable contributors from across the globe provides a consensus of updated science, including the background, the aspects for which a consensus actually exists, the controversies and, when possible, suggested directions for future research

Administration of spruce bark (Picea abies) extracts in young lambs exhibits anticoccidial effects but reduces milk intake and body weight gain

Background: Eimeria spp. are widespread apicomplexan parasites known to cause coccidiosis in livestock, result- ing in reduced animal welfare and productivity, particularly in sheep. The treatment options are limited, and there is an emerging development of resistance against registered pharmaceuticals. Spruce bark is rich in plant secondary metabolites (PSM), such as condensed tannins, which are bioactive compounds previously shown to have antipara- sitic activity. Here, we examined the anticoccidial properties of bark extract of Norway spruce (Picea abies) against a field isolate of ovine Eimeria spp. by treating Eimeria-infected pre-ruminant lambs with water-extracted bark daily for 12 days. We hypothesised that the bark extract would reduce the faecal oocyst excretion and, consequently, the severity of diarrhoea. Results: Oral administration of spruce bark extract significantly reduced the excretion of Eimeria oocysts in milk-fed lambs post treatment till the end of the trial 22 days post infection. This difference in oocyst excretion between the treated and the untreated infected animals increased with time. Compared to the untreated and the sham-infected control group, the group treated with bark extract had softer fae- ces and reduced milk intake during the treatment period. After discontinuing the treatment, the treated animals got a more solid and formed faeces compared to that of the untreated control group, and the milk intake increased to the level of the sham-infected, untreated control group. The bark extract treated animals had a lower body weight and a lower mean daily body weight gain throughout the whole duration of the experiment. Conclusions: Bark extract from Norway spruce showed marked anticoccidial properties by reducing the faecal oocyst count and associated diarrhoea in young lambs. Simultaneously we experienced detrimental effects of the treatment, displayed as reduced feed intake and daily body weight gain. Therefore, we suggest conducting similar studies with lower bark extract dosage to explore the possibilities of a better trade-off to reduce the negative impact while maintaining the antiparasitic effect. Keywords: Coccidia, Coccidiocide, Eimeria, Industrial by-products, Shee

Leucine-enriched protein feeding does not impair exercise-induced free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation: beneficial implications for training in carbohydrate-restricted states

Given that the enhanced oxidative adaptations observed when training in carbohydrate (CHO) restricted states are potentially regulated through free fatty acid (FFA) mediated signalling and that leucine rich protein elevates muscle protein synthesis, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that leucine enriched protein feeding enhances circulating leucine concentration but does not impair FFA availability nor whole body lipid oxidation 56 during exercise. Nine males cycled for 2 h at 70% VO2peak when fasted (PLACEBO) or having consumed a whey protein solution (WHEY) or a leucine enriched whey protein gel (GEL), administered as 22 g 1 hour pre-exercise, 11 g/h during and 22 g thirty minutes post-exercise. Total leucine administration was 14.4 g and 6.3 in GEL and WHEY, respectively. Mean plasma leucine concentrations were elevated in GEL (P= 0.001) compared 60 with WHEY and PLACEBO (375 ± 100, 272 ± 51, 146 ± 14 μmol.L-1 respectively). No differences (P= 0.153) in plasma FFA (WHEY 0.53 ± 0.30, GEL 0.45 ± 0.25, PLACEBO 0.65 ± 0.30, mmol.L-1) or whole body lipid oxidation during exercise (WHEY 0.37 ± 0.26, GEL 0.36 ± 0.24, PLACEBO 0.34 ± 0.24 g/min) were apparent between trials, despite elevated (P= 0.001) insulin in WHEY and GEL compared with PLACEBO (38 ± 16, 35 ± 16, 22 ± 11 pmol.L-1 respectively). We conclude that leucine enriched protein feeding does not impair FFA availability nor whole body lipid oxidation during exercise, thus having practical applications for athletes who deliberately train in CHO restricted states to promote skeletal muscle adaptations

Late gadolinium uptake demonstrated with magnetic resonance in patients where automated PERFIT analysis of myocardial SPECT suggests irreversible perfusion defect

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (MPS) is frequently used as the reference method for the determination of myocardial infarct size. PERFIT^®is a software utilizing a three-dimensional gender specific, averaged heart model for the automatic evaluation of myocardial perfusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the perfusion defect size on MPS, assessed with PERFIT, with the hyperenhanced volume assessed by late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE) and to relate their effect on the wall motion score index (WMSI) assessed with cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI) and echocardiography (echo).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>LGE was performed in 40 patients where clinical MPS showed an irreversible uptake reduction suggesting a myocardial scar. Infarct volume, extent and major coronary supply were compared between MPS and LGE as well as the relationship between infarct size from both methods and WMSI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MPS showed a slightly larger infarct volume than LGE (MPS 29.6 ± 23.2 ml, LGE 22.1 ± 16.9 ml, p = 0.01), while no significant difference was found in infarct extent (MPS 11.7 ± 9.4%, LGE 13.0 ± 9.6%). The correlation coefficients between methods in respect to infarct size and infarct extent were 0.71 and 0.63 respectively. WMSI determined with cine-MRI correlated moderately with infarct volume and infarct extent (cine-MRI vs MPS volume r = 0.71, extent r = 0.71, cine-MRI vs LGE volume r = 0.62, extent r = 0.60). Similar results were achieved when wall motion was determined with echo. Both MPS and LGE showed the same major coronary supply to the infarct area in a majority of patients, Kappa = 0.84.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MPS and LGE agree moderately in the determination of infarct size in both absolute and relative terms, although infarct volume is slightly larger with MPS. The correlation between WMSI and infarct size is moderate.</p