Studies on the fermentative activity of yeast zymin

In a summation of the experimental work presented herein, the following points are believed significant: (1) The fermentation of dextrose by maceration extract of yeast is stimulated by ammonium chloride and magnesium sulfate. (2) The activity of zymin preparations will vary greatly depending upon the source of the yeast and upon the length of time the yeast is stored at 5°C. (3) Mixtures of zymins of different activities gives a resultant activity which is lower than the theoretical activity of the mixture. (4) The washing of a fresh yeast which normally would yield a zymin of low activity produces considerably higher activity. (5) Zymins respond differently toward ammonium chloride, and the differences range from definite inhibition to stimulation as high as 80 percent. There also is a fairly good correlation between the activity of a zymin and the degree of stimulation by ammonium chloride. The less active a zymin is, the more than zymin is stimulated by ammonium chloride, and the higher the optimum concentration of ammonium chloride will be. (6) In a series of studies with methyl ammonium chlorides, stimulation is observable which is similar to that observed with ammonium chloride, but the degree of stimulation is progressively less according to the following series: NH4+ CH3NH3 + (CH3)2NH2+ (CH 3) NH+. (7) The effect of magnesium sulfate appears to be rather consistently the same regardless of the activity of the zymin. (8) A substance was separated from a zymin of low activity which had an inhibitory effect on the activity of more active zymins. Its action was, in turn, strongly depressed by small concentrations of ammonium chloride. (9) The effects of magnesium sulfate and ammonium chloride were inhibitory in the fermentation of sodium hexosediphosphate. (10) The effects of both salts were also inhibitory in the fermentation of dihydroxyacetone. (11) The salts were inhibitory in the fermentation of sodium pyruvate. However, in the presence of ethanol, ammonium chloride protected the system from the toxic effect of ethanol, and therefore a stimulation occurred

A Convenient Method for the Laboratoy Preparation of Absolute Ethyl Alcohol

The rates of dehydration of ethyl alcohol of 95 per cent strength by calcium oxide were determined at 15°, 45°, and 78°. By two successive treatments for two months each with lime at room temperature, the alcohol was found to be dehydrated in a satisfactory manner. The same result was found to be accomplished at 45° by two treatments of one week each. In neither case is refluxing necessary

U.S. Billion-ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry

The Report, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply (generally referred to as the Billion-Ton Study or 2005 BTS), was an estimate of “potential” biomass within the contiguous United States based on numerous assumptions about current and future inventory and production capacity, availability, and technology. In the 2005 BTS, a strategic analysis was undertaken to determine if U.S. agriculture and forest resources have the capability to potentially produce at least one billion dry tons of biomass annually, in a sustainable manner—enough to displace approximately 30% of the country’s present petroleum consumption. To ensure reasonable confidence in the study results, an effort was made to use relatively conservative assumptions. However, for both agriculture and forestry, the resource potential was not restricted by price. That is, all identified biomass was potentially available, even though some potential feedstock would more than likely be too expensive to actually be economically available. In addition to updating the 2005 study, this report attempts to address a number of its shortcoming

Recommended practices for computerized clinical decision support and knowledge management in community settings: a qualitative study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to identify recommended practices for computerized clinical decision support (CDS) development and implementation and for knowledge management (KM) processes in ambulatory clinics and community hospitals using commercial or locally developed systems in the U.S.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Guided by the Multiple Perspectives Framework, the authors conducted ethnographic field studies at two community hospitals and five ambulatory clinic organizations across the U.S. Using a Rapid Assessment Process, a multidisciplinary research team: gathered preliminary assessment data; conducted on-site interviews, observations, and field surveys; analyzed data using both template and grounded methods; and developed universal themes. A panel of experts produced recommended practices.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The team identified ten themes related to CDS and KM. These include: 1) workflow; 2) knowledge management; 3) data as a foundation for CDS; 4) user computer interaction; 5) measurement and metrics; 6) governance; 7) translation for collaboration; 8) the meaning of CDS; 9) roles of special, essential people; and 10) communication, training, and support. Experts developed recommendations about each theme. The original Multiple Perspectives framework was modified to make explicit a new theoretical construct, that of Translational Interaction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These ten themes represent areas that need attention if a clinic or community hospital plans to implement and successfully utilize CDS. In addition, they have implications for workforce education, research, and national-level policy development. The Translational Interaction construct could guide future applied informatics research endeavors.</p

A Roadmap for HEP Software and Computing R&D for the 2020s

Particle physics has an ambitious and broad experimental programme for the coming decades. This programme requires large investments in detector hardware, either to build new facilities and experiments, or to upgrade existing ones. Similarly, it requires commensurate investment in the R&D of software to acquire, manage, process, and analyse the shear amounts of data to be recorded. In planning for the HL-LHC in particular, it is critical that all of the collaborating stakeholders agree on the software goals and priorities, and that the efforts complement each other. In this spirit, this white paper describes the R&D activities required to prepare for this software upgrade.Peer reviewe

Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : Data From ROCKET AF

M. Kaste on työryhmän ROCKET AF Steering Comm jäsen.Background-Atrial fibrillation is associated with higher mortality. Identification of causes of death and contemporary risk factors for all-cause mortality may guide interventions. Methods and Results-In the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) study, patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were randomized to rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted warfarin. Cox proportional hazards regression with backward elimination identified factors at randomization that were independently associated with all-cause mortality in the 14 171 participants in the intention-to-treat population. The median age was 73 years, and the mean CHADS(2) score was 3.5. Over 1.9 years of median follow-up, 1214 (8.6%) patients died. Kaplan-Meier mortality rates were 4.2% at 1 year and 8.9% at 2 years. The majority of classified deaths (1081) were cardiovascular (72%), whereas only 6% were nonhemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between the rivaroxaban and warfarin arms (P=0.15). Heart failure (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.33-1.70, P= 75 years (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.51-1.90, P Conclusions-In a large population of patients anticoagulated for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, approximate to 7 in 10 deaths were cardiovascular, whereasPeer reviewe

Studies on the fermentative activity of yeast zymin

In a summation of the experimental work presented herein, the following points are believed significant: (1) The fermentation of dextrose by maceration extract of yeast is stimulated by ammonium chloride and magnesium sulfate. (2) The activity of zymin preparations will vary greatly depending upon the source of the yeast and upon the length of time the yeast is stored at 5°C. (3) Mixtures of zymins of different activities gives a resultant activity which is lower than the theoretical activity of the mixture. (4) The washing of a fresh yeast which normally would yield a zymin of low activity produces considerably higher activity. (5) Zymins respond differently toward ammonium chloride, and the differences range from definite inhibition to stimulation as high as 80 percent. There also is a fairly good correlation between the activity of a zymin and the degree of stimulation by ammonium chloride. The less active a zymin is, the more than zymin is stimulated by ammonium chloride, and the higher the optimum concentration of ammonium chloride will be. (6) In a series of studies with methyl ammonium chlorides, stimulation is observable which is similar to that observed with ammonium chloride, but the degree of stimulation is progressively less according to the following series: NH4+ CH3NH3 + (CH3)2NH2+ (CH 3) NH+. (7) The effect of magnesium sulfate appears to be rather consistently the same regardless of the activity of the zymin. (8) A substance was separated from a zymin of low activity which had an inhibitory effect on the activity of more active zymins. Its action was, in turn, strongly depressed by small concentrations of ammonium chloride. (9) The effects of magnesium sulfate and ammonium chloride were inhibitory in the fermentation of sodium hexosediphosphate. (10) The effects of both salts were also inhibitory in the fermentation of dihydroxyacetone. (11) The salts were inhibitory in the fermentation of sodium pyruvate. However, in the presence of ethanol, ammonium chloride "protected" the system from the toxic effect of ethanol, and therefore a stimulation occurred.</p

R-mode positioning system demonstration

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), have become the primary Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) source for maritime operations. The GNSS position is used both for vessel navigation and as the position and timing source for other systems such as the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Unfortunately, it is well known that GNSS is vulnerable to jamming and interference, intentional or not, which can lead to the loss of positioning information or, even worse, to incorrect positioning information. As the user requirement is for dependable PNT information at all times, alternative and/or resilient methods of PNT are desirable. R-Mode (or Ranging Mode), which uses existing maritime radio signals as ranging sources, is one such alternative. To initiate the development of R-Mode, in 2013 the German Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration contracted for a feasibility study of R-Mode using medium frequency (MF) Differential GNSS (MF-DGNSS) and very high frequency (VHF) AIS signals as well as those signals in combination and in combination with eLoran [1]. At the ION GNSS+ 2014 some of these authors presented the results from that feasibility study and showed the potential positioning performance using the signals individually, and in combination [2]. In most of the shipping lanes on the North Sea it appeared that 10 meter or better positioning performance could be achieved. Based upon the potentials from the feasibility study, prototypes of a transmitter and receiver for MF-DGNSS R-Mode were then developed and tested in the Netherlands and Germany, and more recently in Canada. At the ION-ITM 2017, we reported details of this prototype transmitter and receiver pair, included some statistical analyses of the pseudorange estimates recorded to date [3]. Those early R-Mode trials reported in [3] were limited to signal stability studies as there were insufficient transmitters for positioning. The European Union\u27s R-Mode Baltic project plans to install up to nine transmitters for positioning trials in the Baltic Sea area. To further R-Mode studies on the US side of the Atlantic, in March of 2020 we conducted a demonstration of R-Mode positioning as part of the US Department of Transportation (DOT) PNT demonstration at Joint Base Cape Cod (JBCC). In this effort, three temporary MF-DGNSS R-Mode transmitter sites were established surrounding the test area at JBCC and both static and dynamic R-Mode receivers were employed; this was the first on-air live demonstration of R-Mode positioning. This paper presents current details of the prototype transmitters and receivers, results of the positioning performance achieved at this March 2020 trial, and the performance of ambiguity resolution techniques investigated

Market impacts of hypothetical fuel treatment thinning programs on federal lands in the western United States

This paper addresses the economics of forest fuel thinning programs on federal lands in the U.S. West, and presents a model of regional timber and product market impacts. The issue of economics is vital to the debate about fire management, and this paper presents market implications of two alternative silvicultural strategies, even-aged and uneven-aged thinning. Projections are based on a regional market model called FTM--West (Fuel Treatment Market model--West), which uses the method of price-endogenous linear programming to project annual market equilibria for softwood timber and wood products in the western United States from 1997 to 2020. The model takes into account variability in tree and log size, as well as economic effects of variable size class on harvest costs, log value, product recovery and mill capacity. Results show large potential market impacts from expanded thinning on federal lands, but impacts vary by silvicultural regime due to differences in size-class distributions of trees available under different thinning regimes. A hypothetical even-aged thinning program ("thin-from-below" strategy) results in net negative market welfare over the projection period (2005-2020), while a hypothetical uneven-aged thinning program (thinning based on stand density index) results in positive net market welfare. Net welfare results are the same over a range of different subsidy and administrative fee assumptions. An implication is that even-aged thinning regimes on federal lands in the U.S. West are less economical and therefore will be less effective.