Security and Privacy Analysis of Parental Control Solutions

For parents of young children and adolescents, the digital age has introduced many new challenges, including excessive screen time, inappropriate online content, cyber predators, and cyberbullying. To address these challenges, many parents rely on numerous parental control solutions on different platforms, including parental control network devices and software applications on mobile devices and laptops. While these parental control solutions may help digital parenting, they may also introduce serious security and privacy risks to children and parents, due to their elevated privileges and having access to a significant amount of privacy-sensitive data. In recent years, attacks and security flaws concerning this type of applications have flourished, however no systematic study for the security and privacy of these parental control solutions has been carried out to date. In this thesis, we present an experimental framework for systematically evaluating security and privacy issues in parental control software and hardware solutions. Using the developed framework, we provide the first comprehensive study of parental control solutions on multiple platforms including network devices, mobile apps, Windows applications and web extensions. We analyze a representative dataset of each type of solution and build a security and privacy state-of-the-art of each environment. Our analysis uncovers pervasive security and privacy issues that can lead to leakage of private information, and/or allow an adversary to fully control the parental control solution, and thereby may directly aid cyberbullying and cyber predators

Betrayed by the Guardian: Security and Privacy Risks of Parental Control Solutions

For parents of young children and adolescents, the digital age has introduced many new challenges, including excessive screen time, inappropriate online content, cyber predators, and cyberbullying. To address these challenges, many parents rely on numerous parental control solutions on different platforms, including parental control network devices (e.g., WiFi routers) and software applications on mobile devices and laptops. While these parental control solutions may help digital parenting, they may also introduce serious security and privacy risks to children and parents, due to their elevated privileges and having access to a significant amount of privacy-sensitive data. In this paper, we present an experimental framework for systematically evaluating security and privacy issues in parental control software and hardware solutions. Using the developed framework, we provide the first comprehensive study of parental control tools on multiple platforms including network devices, Windows applications, Chrome extensions and Android apps. Our analysis uncovers pervasive security and privacy issues that can lead to leakage of private information, and/or allow an adversary to fully control the parental control solution, and thereby may directly aid cyberbullying and cyber predators

L'Ouganda du général Idi Amin Dada de 1971-1979 : une étude comparative des approches du London Times et du Guardian

Le mémoire qui suit a pour objectif de faire ressortir les grandes lignes du traitement de la prise de pouvoir d’Amin, de la crise de la déportation des Asiatiques ainsi que de la rupture des liens diplomatiques entre la Grande-Bretagne et l’Ouganda telles que vues par le London Times et le Guardian. Il s’attardera également sur les divergences et les convergences entre les deux médias. Dans la mesure où elles sont assez distinctes pour représenter des approches à part entière, elle essaiera d’identifier les éléments qui influencent/structurent ces différentes approches en référence aux thèmes mentionnés auparavant

The treatment response of chronically hepatitis C virus-infected patients depends on interferon concentration but not on interferon gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

International audienceThe current treatment of chronic hepatitis C is based on pegylated alpha interferon (PEG-IFN-α) and ribavirin. The aim of this study was to identify biological and clinical variables related to IFN therapy that could predict patient outcome. The study enrolled 47 patients treated with PEG-IFN and ribavirin combined therapy. The interferon concentration was measured in serum by a bioassay. The expression of 93 interferon-regulated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) before and after 1 month of treatment. The interferon concentration in the serum was significantly lower in nonresponders than in sustained virological responders. Moreover, a significant correlation was identified between interferon concentration and interferon exposition as well as body weight. The analysis of interferon-inducible genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells among the genes tested did not permit the prediction of treatment outcome. In conclusion, the better option seems to be to treat patients with weight-adjusted PEG-IFN doses, particularly for patients with high weight who are treated with PEG-IFN-α2a. Although the peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples are the easiest to obtain, the measurement of interferon-inducible genes seems not be the best strategy to predict treatment outcome

Déformation intense d'alliages d'aluminium à durcissement structural : mécanismes de précipitation et comportement mécanique

The combination of two mechanisms to increase mechanical strength, namely precipitation and grain size reduction, has been explored in this thesis in the aim of increasing the properties of age hardenable aluminum alloy from the 7### series.Manufacturing by severe plastic deformation makes it possible to obtain nanostructured alloys with high density of grain boundaries, which allows increasing the yield strength according to the Hall-Petch law. However, the high density of defects (dislocations, vacancies, grain boundaries ...) and the internal stresses generated by this deformation results in inherently unstable nanostructures when precipitation heat treatment is performed. These nanostructures experience rapid grain growth and drastic changes in precipitation mechanisms (heterogeneous precipitation, accelerated kinetics).In this work we have studied nanostructures obtained by severe plastic deformation using HPT and HPS (High pressure torsion / sliding) on a model alloy, Al-2% Fe and a commercial alloy AA7449 enriched with iron. The strategy was to stabilize the ultra-fine grain structure by intermetallic iron-rich nanoparticles (Zener pinning) to allow homogeneous precipitation hardening and thus combine the two mechanisms to increase the yield strength. In this context, we have particularly investigated: 1) the influence of solutes on the physical mechanisms leading to dynamic recrystallization nanostructuring; 2) specific mechanisms involved in co-deforming phases with very different mechanical behaviors; 3) the phase transformations that may lead either to the formation of a supersaturated solid solution or, on the contrary, to the decomposition of a solid solution by deformation-induced precipitation; 4) the relationship between the nanostructures thus generated, their thermal stability and related mechanical properties.The observation of the microstructures and understanding of the mechanisms induced by the deformation and relations with the mechanical behavior has been undertaken with many techniques: scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), ASTAR (orientation mapping by TEM), and atom probe tomography. The study of precipitation was carried out by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering) and in-situ TEM. Finally, the relationship with the mechanical behavior has been established on the basis of tensile tests and micro-hardness measurements.La combinaison de deux mécanismes permettant d’accroitre la résistance mécanique (précipitation et joints de grains) a été explorée dans cette thèse afin d’augmenter les propriétés d’alliages d’aluminium à durcissement structural de la série 7###. Les techniques d’élaboration par déformation plastique intense permettent d’obtenir des alliages nano-structurés comportant une grande densité de joints de grains qui permet une augmentation conséquente de la limite d’élasticité selon la loi de Hall-Petch. Cependant, la grande densité de défauts (dislocations, lacunes, joints de grains…) et les contraintes internes générées par cette déformation donnent lieu à des nanostructures hors équilibre intrinsèquement instables lors d’un traitement de précipitation. Cela se traduit d’une part par une croissance rapide des grains et d’autre part par des changements dans les mécanismes de précipitation (précipitation hétérogène, cinétique accélérée). Nous avons étudié les nanostructures obtenues par déformation plastique intense via HPT et HPS (High pressure torsion/sliding) sur un alliage modèle, Al-2%Fe, et un alliage commercial AA7449 enrichi en fer. La stratégie choisie était de stabiliser la structure à grains ultra-fins par des nanoparticules d’intermétalliques riches en fer (épinglage de Zener) pour permettre une précipitation homogène de phases durcissantes et de combiner ainsi les 2 mécanismes pour accroître la limite élastique. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à : 1) l’influence des solutés sur les mécanismes physiques de recristallisation dynamique conduisant à la nanostructuration ; 2) les mécanismes spécifiques impliqués lors de la co-déformation de phases aux comportements mécaniques très différents ; 3) les transformations de phase pouvant conduire soit à la formation d’une solution solide sursaturée ou bien au contraire à la décomposition d’une solution solide par précipitation induite par déformation ; 4) aux relations entre les nanostructures ainsi générées, leur stabilité thermique et leur résistance mécanique. L’observation des microstructures et la compréhension des mécanismes induits par la déformation ainsi que les relations avec le comportement mécanique ont été entrepris grâce à l’utilisation de nombreuses techniques : la microscopie électronique à balayage, en transmission, ASTAR (cartographie d’orientation au MET), ainsi que la sonde atomique tomographique. L’étude de la précipitation a été réalisée par DSC (calorimétrie différentielle à balayage), SAXS (diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles) et MET in-situ. Finalement, la relation avec le comportement mécanique a été établie sur la base d’essais de traction et de mesures de microdureté

Oral competence of secondary school pupils learning French as a foreign language : Fun activities and motivation

The aim of this study is to determine how fun activities in class can influence the motivation and the oral competence of secondary school pupils learning French as a foreign language. This is done by asking 22 pupils belonging to the 8th and 9th grade through a survey, how they feel when they must talk French in class. They also get the opportunity to share what activities they feel help them to talk more and as a result, acquire better knowledge of the studied language. Simultaneously, an interview with three French teachers in Sweden allows us to better understand their point of view on this same oral competence and know more about the various activities they use to organise in class. The results show that the oral competence must be practiced on a regular basis and from the very beginning of the study of the foreign language. Pupils usually like fun activities to develop their competences, which is an important point because of the strong influence of motivation on scholar results and success

Les socialistes, la Banque de France et le mur d'argent (1981-1984)

International audienceLe « mur d’argent », mythe ou réalité, fantasme ou obstacle tangible à toute politique d’une gauche aux commandes de l’État ? On s’en doute : un peu de tout cela à la fois. C’est ce que montre Vincent Duchaussoy en analysant les relations tumultueuses nouées entre la gauche au pouvoir et la Banque de France à compter de 1981 et jusqu’au tournant de la « rigueur », ici réexaminé. Cet article donne ainsi à comprendre les évolutions, voire la rupture, que la présidence de François Mitterrand a opérées dans le domaine économique et financier par rapport à son programme initial, et les enjeux internes à la Banque centrale française elle-même, soucieuse de préserver son autonomie et en même temps soumise par statut aux décisions gouvernementales

Oral competence of secondary school pupils learning French as a foreign language : Fun activities and motivation

The aim of this study is to determine how fun activities in class can influence the motivation and the oral competence of secondary school pupils learning French as a foreign language. This is done by asking 22 pupils belonging to the 8th and 9th grade through a survey, how they feel when they must talk French in class. They also get the opportunity to share what activities they feel help them to talk more and as a result, acquire better knowledge of the studied language. Simultaneously, an interview with three French teachers in Sweden allows us to better understand their point of view on this same oral competence and know more about the various activities they use to organise in class. The results show that the oral competence must be practiced on a regular basis and from the very beginning of the study of the foreign language. Pupils usually like fun activities to develop their competences, which is an important point because of the strong influence of motivation on scholar results and success

Education of children. : Child mistreatments: acomparison between two European countries, France and Sweden.

Violence against children is a common phenomenon that is spread all over the world and always existed through the centuries. The present work will define the different forms of violences that children are victims of, present the causes which lead to these types of adult behaviors and the consequences on the child. The situation of two countries of our interest will be compared: France and Sweden. One will go through their history in term of infant violence, the laws which contributed to develop the rights of children and the actual situation in both nations. A personal investigation will be included in the work to have direct answers from both a French public and a Swedish one. This will allow us to have an idea about the actual way of thinking in both countries. The problems that France as well as Sweden face to fight for better children care will be mentioned, such as the difficulties people or different institutions have to alert the specialized organisations on a case of child mistreatment. The aim of this work is to compare France and Sweden and see if the hypothesis that violence is still largely spread in France and almost disappeared in Sweden is true. By analysing all the points mentioned earlier, one will eventually confirm that both countries are in totally different places concerning child violence, Sweden being the first nation to forbid any form of violence on children and France being the last one on date. One will notice that French people need to change many different points of their system as well as their way of thinking, while Swedish people need to continue their efforts to fight for this topic