23 research outputs found

    Couplage océan-atmosphÚre en Atlantique tropical

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    The main goal of this thesis is to explore the influence of sea surface temperature (SST), on surface wind at seasonal and intraseasonal timescales. At seasonal timescales, momentum and convergence budget were first documented by using a simple atmospheric mixed layer model, and two reanalyses. This approach allows us to identify the main processes that control the surface wind dynamics, in order to explore their sensitivity to the SST. Results show that these processes vary strongly in different regions of the tropical Atlantic. In addition, the comparison of the representation of theses processes in observations and reanalyses show that, as in all climate models (coupled or not), the reanalyses have the same flaws. Eventually, this work proposes a method to better assess the capacity of an atmospheric model to answer the SST fluctuations, and investigate potential wrong atmospheric parameterizations, such as boundary layers. The second part of this study focuses on tropical Atlantic regions of strong SST gradients, where SST intraseasonal variability is the largest. Several technics of spectrum and statistical analysis were performed in order to investigate the atmospheric patterns associated to these fluctuations of oceanic fronts. Except in the equatorial region (where we found a clear coupling already described in previous studies), no clear hint of a surface wind response to the SST fluctuations was observed in the two coastal upwelling fronts. In addition, the oceanic patterns associated to the SST indexes were also investigated. In all three upwelling fronts, as expected for such upwelling regimes, the vertical oceanic mixing clearly dominates the mixed-layer heat budget. In the equatorial band, as found in previous studies, the horizontal advection is equally important, while it appears surprisingly weak in the coastal fronts. Eventually, potential signals of equatorial and coastal Kelvin waves were also followed to these coastal fronts.Cette thĂšse vise Ă  explorer l'influence des tempĂ©ratures de surface de l'ocĂ©an (TSO) sur les vents de surface en Atlantique tropical aux Ă©chelles saisonniĂšre et intrasaisonniĂšre. Nous avons commencĂ© par Ă©tudier les bilans de moment cinĂ©tique et de convergence des vents de surface, avec un modĂšle simple de couche de mĂ©lange atmosphĂ©rique et des rĂ©analyses, afin d'identifier les processus liĂ©s Ă  l'influence des TSO sur le vent de surface. La comparaison de ces rĂ©sultats avec les observations montre que les rĂ©analyses souffrent de problĂšmes communs Ă  tous les modĂšles de climat, couplĂ©s ou non : nous proposons donc au final d'appliquer notre mĂ©thode pour Ă©valuer la capacitĂ© d'un modĂšle d'atmosphĂšre Ă  rĂ©pondre correctement aux fluctuations de la TSO, et Ă  indiquer quelles paramĂ©trisations sont potentiellement Ă  l'origine de dĂ©fauts dans le modĂšle. Dans la deuxiĂšme partie de la thĂšse, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence les structures et les pĂ©riodes oĂč les variabilitĂ©s ocĂ©aniques et atmosphĂšres sont maximales, Ă  l'aide de diffĂ©rentes techniques d'analyse spectrale. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisĂ©s sur les zones de fort gradient de la TSO (zones de front) afin d'Ă©tudier les caractĂ©ristiques des structures spatio-temporelles de la rĂ©ponse atmosphĂ©rique liĂ©es aux fluctuations de ce front. Contrairement Ă  la rĂ©gion Ă©quatoriale (ou on retrouve des rĂ©sultats dĂ©jĂ  Ă©voquĂ©s dans des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures), les deux fronts cĂŽtiers au large de l'Angola-Namibie et du SĂ©nĂ©gal-Mauritanie ne montrent pas de signe de couplage actif avec l'atmosphĂšre

    Statistical-observational analysis of skillful oceanic predictors of heavy daily precipitation events in the Sahel

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    In this paper, the sea surface temperature (SST) based statistical seasonal forecast model (S4CAST) is utilized to examine the spatial and temporal prediction skill of Sahel heavy and extreme daily precipitation events. As in previous studies, S4CAST points out the Mediterranean Sea and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as the main drivers of Sahel heavy/extreme daily rainfall variability at interannual timescales (period 1982–2015). Overall, the Mediterranean Sea emerges as a seasonal short-term predictor of heavy daily rainfall (1 month in advance), while ENSO returns a longer forecast window (up to 3 months in advance). Regarding the spatial skill, the response of heavy daily rainfall to the Mediterranean SST forcing is significant over a widespread area of the Sahel. Contrastingly, with the ENSO forcing, the response is only significant over the southernmost Sahel area. These differences can be attributed to the distinct physical mechanisms mediating the analyzed SST-rainfall teleconnections. This paper provides fundamental elements to develop an operational statistical-seasonal forecasting system of Sahel heavy and extreme daily precipitation events

    Mise en place de la plateforme d’innovation des chaĂźnes de valeur agricoles climato-intelligentes dans la rĂ©gion de Kaffrine au SĂ©nĂ©gal

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    Depuis 2011, le programme de recherche du CGIAR sur le Changement Climatique, l’Agriculture et la SĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire (CCAFS) soutient la mise en Ɠuvre d’une agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) au SĂ©nĂ©gal Ă  travers le dĂ©veloppement et la mise Ă  l’échelle de technologies et pratiques AIC avec l’Institut SĂ©nĂ©galais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). Dans ce cadre, le CCAFS a mis en Ɠuvre de 2019 Ă  2021, un projet de « dĂ©veloppement de chaĂźnes de valeur et paysage climato-intelligents pour accroitre la rĂ©silience des moyens de subsistance en Afrique de l’Ouest ». Le projet s’est articulĂ© autour de plusieurs activitĂ©s dont (i) l'analyse des chaĂźnes de valeur (CV) afin d'identifier les risques climatiques et autres contraintes auxquelles font face les CV et qui pourraient ĂȘtre rĂ©solues par des options AIC et, (ii) l'intĂ©gration d'options AIC fondĂ©es sur des Ă©vidences dans les CV sĂ©lectionnĂ©es par le biais des plateformes d'innovation multi-acteurs. Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, le projet a travaillĂ© dans la rĂ©gion de Kaffrine. C’est une rĂ©gion Ă  vocation agro-sylvo-pastorale situĂ©e au cƓur du Bassin Arachidier et qui subit de plein fouet les consĂ©quences des perturbations climatiques. Cette situation a orientĂ©, depuis 2011, le choix de cette rĂ©gion pour expĂ©rimenter des innovations visant Ă  renforcer la rĂ©silience des communautĂ©s Ă  l’image du Groupe de Travail Pluridisciplinaire (GTP). Pour renforcer la rĂ©silience des communautĂ©s et favoriser la durabilitĂ© des activitĂ©s agricoles, il est impĂ©ratif de disposer d’un cadre de concertation qui permette Ă  l’ensemble des acteurs d’échanger. C’est ainsi que le concept de plateforme multi-acteur a Ă©tĂ© mis en avant pour une meilleure prise en compte des principes et fondements qui sous-tendent la durabilitĂ© des actions Ă  entreprendre. Ainsi, plusieurs Ă©changes ont permis de poser les jalons d’une rencontre avec les diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes. Dans le cadre de la mise en Ɠuvre du projet, une rĂ©union des diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes a Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©e pour la mise en place d’une plateforme multi-acteur pour la rĂ©gion de Kaffrine au SĂ©nĂ©gal afin de supporter l’intĂ©gration des options d’AIC dans les chaines de valeur agricoles prioritaires. Lors de l’atelier de dĂ©veloppement du profil de risque climatique de Kaffrine en novembre 2020, cinq ChaĂźnes de valeur ont Ă©tĂ© retenues par les participants pour le dĂ©veloppement de CV agricoles climato-intelligentes (OuĂ©draogo et al., 2020). L’objectif de l’atelier Ă©tait de mettre en place une plateforme d’innovation des chaĂźnes de valeurs agricoles climato-intelligentes dans la rĂ©gion de Kaffrine pour promouvoir l’AIC au SĂ©nĂ©gal. De façon spĂ©cifique, l’atelier a visĂ© Ă  : - dĂ©terminer l’ancrage institutionnel, le point d’entrĂ©e, l’échelle de la PI ; - dĂ©terminer les rĂŽles, les responsabilitĂ©s et les activitĂ©s Ă  entreprendre dans la PI ; - identifier les besoins spĂ©cifiques en renforcement des capacitĂ©s des membres de la PI ; - Ă©laborer les actes et le contenu la PI ; - adopter les actes et mettre en place de la PI ; - initier les membres sur le changement climatique et l’AIC. 3 L’atelier a regroupĂ© les services techniques rĂ©gionaux et les acteurs (transformateurs, fournisseurs d’intrants, commerçants etc.) des quatre chaines de valeur agricoles retenues lors de l’atelier de priorisation en Novembre 2020 Ă  Kaffrine. Une sĂ©rie de prĂ©sentations a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour avoir un aperçu global sur les diffĂ©rentes thĂ©matiques d’importance pour la mise en place de PI. Dans une approche participative, des travaux de groupes ont Ă©tĂ© organisĂ©s autour des diffĂ©rents objectifs. La diversitĂ© de profils des participants (producteurs, chercheurs, conseillers agricoles, transformateurs, fournisseurs d’intrants, commerçants etc.) contribuera Ă  l’optimisation et Ă  la capitalisation des bĂ©nĂ©fices que chaque acteur tire de la PI. Des restitutions en plĂ©niĂšre ont Ă©tĂ© l’occasion pour prendre en considĂ©ration les diffĂ©rentes propositions des groupes d’acteurs. L’esprit qui a sous-tendu cet atelier de mise en place de PI a Ă©tĂ© celui de la participation effective et de la responsabilitĂ© de chaque acteur dans l’initiative. Le rapport prĂ©sente les points saillants de la mise en place de la PI Ă  Kaffrine

    Predictability of intra-seasonal descriptors of rainy season over Senegal using global SST patterns

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    Seasonal forecasting of the rainfall characteristics in Sahel is of crucial interest in determining crop variability in these countries. This study aims to provide further characterization of nine rainfall metrics over Senegal (Onset, cessation, LRS, CDD, CDD7, CDD15, NR90p, NR95p, NR99p)and their response to global SST patterns from 1981 to 2018. The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset and the Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST) were used. The results showed strong spatio-temporal variability with a pronounced south–north gradient for all metrics. The earliest onset was observed in the south of the country from 4 July and the latest onset in the north from 9 August. Since 2012, a new regime is observed with an increase in both long dry spells and extreme wet events. Furthermore, SST forcing has shown that the North tropical Atlantic and the East Equatorial Pacific are better able to explain the interannual variability of the intraseasonal descriptors. However, the prediction of metrics is earlier for the most remote basin (Pacific) compared to the most local basin (Atlantic). These results have implications for the seasonal forecasting of Sahel’s intraseasonal variability based on SST predictors, as significant predictability is found far from the beginning of the season

    Agroforesterie et services écosystémiques en zone tropicale

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    Respectueux de l’environnement et garantissant une sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire soutenue par la diversification des productions et des revenus qu’ils procurent, les systĂšmes agroforestiers apparaissent comme un modĂšle prometteur d’agriculture durable dans les pays du Sud les plus vulnĂ©rables aux changements globaux. Cependant, ces systĂšmes agroforestiers ne peuvent ĂȘtre optimisĂ©s qu’à condition de mieux comprendre et de mieux maĂźtriser les facteurs de leurs productions. L’ouvrage prĂ©sente un ensemble de connaissances rĂ©centes sur les mĂ©canismes biophysiques et socio-Ă©conomiques qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement et la dynamique des systĂšmes agroforestiers. Il concerne, d’une part les systĂšmes agroforestiers Ă  base de cultures pĂ©rennes, telles que cacaoyers et cafĂ©iers, de rĂ©gions tropicales humides en AmĂ©rique du Sud, en Afrique de l’Est et du Centre, d’autre part les parcs arborĂ©s et arbustifs Ă  base de cultures vivriĂšres, principalement de cĂ©rĂ©ales, de la rĂ©gion semi-aride subsaharienne d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Il synthĂ©tise les derniĂšres avancĂ©es acquises grĂące Ă  plusieurs projets associant le Cirad, l’IRD et leurs partenaires du Sud qui ont Ă©tĂ© conduits entre 2012 et 2016 dans ces rĂ©gions. L’ensemble de ces projets s’articulent autour des dynamiques des systĂšmes agroforestiers et des compromis entre les services de production et les autres services socio-Ă©cosystĂ©miques que ces systĂšmes fournissent

    DĂ©sinformations et croyances dans le contexte africain

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    intervention de Moussa Samba et Djibril Diakhaté (EBAD, Sénégal) dans le cadre de la journée d\u27étude "Interroger les enjeux de la désinformation : croisement de regards francophones

    Statistical-Observational Analysis of Skillful Oceanic Predictors of Heavy Daily Precipitation Events in the Sahel

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    In this paper, the sea surface temperature (SST) based statistical seasonal forecast model (S4CAST) is utilized to examine the spatial and temporal prediction skill of Sahel heavy and extreme daily precipitation events. As in previous studies, S4CAST points out the Mediterranean Sea and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as the main drivers of Sahel heavy/extreme daily rainfall variability at interannual timescales (period 1982–2015). Overall, the Mediterranean Sea emerges as a seasonal short-term predictor of heavy daily rainfall (1 month in advance), while ENSO returns a longer forecast window (up to 3 months in advance). Regarding the spatial skill, the response of heavy daily rainfall to the Mediterranean SST forcing is significant over a widespread area of the Sahel. Contrastingly, with the ENSO forcing, the response is only significant over the southernmost Sahel area. These differences can be attributed to the distinct physical mechanisms mediating the analyzed SST-rainfall teleconnections. This paper provides fundamental elements to develop an operational statistical-seasonal forecasting system of Sahel heavy and extreme daily precipitation events

    Do sea surface temperature drive the climatological surface wind convergence in the tropical Atlantic

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    International audienceWe present a climatological study of the tropical Atlantic surface wind convergence, in order to establish wether is constitutes a major drivers of the marine precipitations distributions in general, and particularly over the coastal parts of Brazilian and African monsoon rainfalls. We analyze the climatological monthly-mean surface wind convergence budget, as well as that of their month-to-month variations over the 2000-2009 decade. Our main tool is an atmosphere mixed layer model forced by atmospheric reanalyses; and observed satellite datasets. We articularly investigate the influence of sea surface temperature (SST), via comparison of its Laplacian with that of sea level pressure. The convergence model is qualitatively very accurate for monthly means over the whole basin, with the notable exception of the core of the marine ITCZ, but generally overestimates the intensities. Results show that the positive and negative convergence signals are generally to the first order due at least qualitatively to sea level horizontal pressure gradient structures. Effect of advection of convergence or divergence may be as important however near the continents. Convergence and divergences moreover occur essentially within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), from about 850hPa to the sea surface where interactions with SST are expected to be the strongest. Our most remarkable results consists in the evidence of frequent tight correspondence between the Laplacian of MABL pressure, which explains principally the convergence distribution of the model, and the Laplacian of SST. This suggests the possibility of a local control of marine rainfall by the temperature distribution of underlying waters

    Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Tropical Atlantic at intraseasonal timescales

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    International audiencePrevisions for the future climate are still confronted to the presence of very strong biases in global coupled simulations of the present climate, compared to the observations, especially in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic and Pacific. Increasing the resolution seems to be not sufficient to solve the problem, especially in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic, where it appears important to better investigate the ocean-atmosphere coupling mechanisms at stake. While previous studies showed the existence of interannual to decadal-and-longer (equatorial and meridional mode) coupled modes, very few investigated the intraseasonal timescales so far. Our work is based on daily satellite observations (TMI SST and QuikSCAT surface winds) for the 2000-2009 decade, as well as reanalyses (ECMWF ERA interim and NCEP CFSR). Statistical analyses were performed on the boreal summer period (JJA). Carefully chosen indices of SST and surface winds were built and daily lagged regressions performed onto these indices. At the scale of the whole Atlantic basin, a clear influence of the Santa Helena anticyclone were detected on these equatorial intraseasonal anomalies. Within the equatorial band, the signatures of mechanisms explaining the coupling, advection and / or waves propagation (such as Tropical Instability Waves) was found as well. In addition, low-pass filtering with progressively decreasing cutoff frequencies allowed to link the statistical signatures of the processes from daily timescales to interannual and longer variability

    Atmospheric responses to anomalies of SST seasonal variations in the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic

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    International audienceThe north-eastern Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) becomes very warm in boreal summer, north of the seasonal equatorial cold tongue, with a maximum in the vicinity of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The ITCZ has a significant contribution in the functioning and partitioning of the water cycle over the ocean, but also over West Africa. Using the regional Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), this study aims to describe and quantify the influence of the warm SST band on the ITCZ: two simulations examine independently the cases when the SST is not warming or not cooling regarding its regular seasonal evolution. It then allows to separate the influences of northern and southern SST fronts (where the meridional gradients are most intense) on surface winds and precipitation. The seasonal SST distribution impact on the ITCZ is indeed found to be very strong, with significant consequences on the moisture flux within the marine ITCZ and toward West Africa
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