Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture

The stories presented in this book reflect the unique nature of Asian aquaculture, providing first-time insight into how and why it has become so successful. Overall, the book demonstrates how the resiliency, adaptability, and innovation of small-scale aquaculture farmers have been crucial to this success. It also places aquaculture development in Asia into a wider global context, and describes its relationship to natural systems, social conditions, and economics. The book is unique in its in-depth presentation of primary research on Asian aquaculture, and in demonstrating how aquaculture can have a lasting positive impact on livelihoods, food security, and sustainable development

Changes in the amino acid profiles during embryonic development of the blacklip abalone (Haliotis Rubra)

Changes in the total amino acid (TAA) and the free amino acid (FAA) contents during embryonic development, through newly spawned eggs, to pre-settled larvae of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) are described. The TAA (protein bound + free) and the FAA contents increased prior to hatching but decreased towards settlement, but the changes were not always significant between different stages of development. Threonine, arginine, lysine and leucine accounted for nearly 50 % of the total essential amino acids (TEAA) in all developmental stages. The mean FAA content of newly spawned eggs was 262.8 &plusmn; 28.2 pmol&middot;ind&ndash;1 and accounted for 11.5 &plusmn; 8.3 % of the TAA. Free essential amino acid (FEAA) content increased significantly as development progressed (P &lt; 0.05), in which threonine, arginine and lysine accounted for over 63 % of this pool. In all developmental stages, the FAA pool was dominated by the non-essential amino acids taurine + proline which accounted for 79.5 % of the total. Generally, the FAA accounted for between 10 to 15 % of the TAA in the different developmental stages of blacklip abalone. All evidence appears to indicate that in blacklip abalone the energy requirements during early ontogeny are mostly met with from the lipid reserves, and that there is a tendency to conserve amino acids until pre-settlement.<br /

Nursing education: seeking critical-reflexive education and professional competencies

O estudo descreve resultados de uma pesquisa que retrata mudanças que são percebidas nos estudantes durante a formação e que contribuem para a definição de um perfil profissional. Estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, que se ancora na dialética como referencial teórico-metodológico. Os dados foram obtidos de análise documental e através da realização de grupos focais com docentes, estudantes e enfermeiros de serviço. Os resultados demonstram a posição do estudante como sujeito ativo no processo ensino-aprendizagem, a partir de um movimento de transformação das estruturas acadêmicas. Identificou-se correlação entre o movimento de busca de maior participação política, ativa e crítica dos estudantes como fator que determina e orienta um perfil do enfermeiro generalista e de maior inserção social. Conclui-se que, apesar dos esforços, a orientação da formação e a definição do perfil profissional nos cenários do estudo estão voltadas às exigências do mercado de trabalho, sendo incipiente a formação baseada em áreas de competências.El estudio describe los cambios en los estudiantes durante la formación y que apuntan para la definición de un perfil profesional. Estudio descriptivo exploratorio con aproximación cualitativa, que utilizase la dialéctica como referencial teórico-metodológico. Los datos fueran obtenidos con documentación y grupos focales. Los resultados indican la posición del estudiante como sujeto activo en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje desde el movimiento de cambio de las estructuras académicas. Se identificó una correlación entre el movimiento de búsqueda de mayor participación política, activa y crítica de los estudiantes como factor que determina y orienta un perfil del enfermero generalista y de mayor inserción social. Se concluye que, no obstante los esfuerzos, la orientación de la formación y la definición del perfil profesional en los escenarios del estudio están dirigidas a las normas del mercado de trabajo, siendo insuficiente la formación baseada en competencias.The study describes changes that are noted in students during training and which contribute to define a professional profile. We carried out a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, based on dialectics as a theoretical-methodological framework. The data was obtained from documented analysis and through focal groups with teachers, students and service nurses. The results show the student's position as an active subject in the teaching-learning process, through a movement of transformation of academic structures. A correlation was found between the movement that seeks students' greater political, active and critical participation as a way of determining and guiding the profile of the generalist nurse and greater social insertion. We conclude that, despite efforts, training guidelines and the definition of the professional profile in the study settings is directed at the demands of the labor market, and that competency-based training is still incipient

A PESQUISA-FORMAÇÃO COMO DISPOSITIVO ESCOLAR PARA PENSAR A SAÚDE MENTAL DE ESTUDANTES NA PANDEMIA

The objective was to develop training in mental health in a public school to encourage debates on themes that involved conditions of protection and understanding of health risk. In addition to investigating the relational dynamics of meetings, which with the occurrence of the pandemic became virtual. The method took place through research-training, a type of scientific know-how that assumes subjectivity in the course of training as important and which is critically-politically centered. The group was composed of the school and academic community. The meetings took place monthly or bimonthly through online platforms, generating logbooks, drawings, photographs, poetry, among others. The evaluated results led to points of debate named as pandemic and common feelings, challenges and reflections from the pandemic and sharing of care strategies. The results pointed to new modes of subjectivation as a result of the pandemic in coping with the interposed reality, the worsening of the health situation of those who were already suffering from illness and the notion that the proposition of a group that gathers to elaborate the experience in a shared and cooperative is a possible health care strategy. The importance of the public school is reaffirmed as an institution that enables, through debate, the understanding of risk contexts and health protection for the purposes of training not only technical but also socio-emotional, ethical, aesthetic and political.El objetivo fue desarrollar una formación en salud mental en una escuela pública para fomentar debates sobre temas que involucraran condiciones de protección y comprensión del riesgo para la salud. Además de indagar en la dinámica relacional de los encuentros, que con la ocurrencia de la pandemia se tornaron virtuales. El método se llevó a cabo a través de la investigación-formación, un tipo de saber científico que asume la subjetividad en el curso de la formación como importante y que tiene un centro crítico-político. El grupo estuvo integrado por la comunidad escolar y académica. Los encuentros se realizaron mensual o bimestralmente a través de plataformas en línea, generando bitácoras, dibujos, fotografías, poesía, entre otros. Los resultados evaluados generaron puntos de debate denominados como pandemia y sentimientos comunes, desafíos y reflexiones a partir de la pandemia y compartir estrategias de cuidado. Los resultados apuntaron nuevos modos de subjetivación a partir de la pandemia en el enfrentamiento de la realidad interpuesta, el empeoramiento de la situación de salud de quienes ya padecían la enfermedad y la noción de que la proposición de un grupo que se reúne para elaborar la experiencia en forma compartida y cooperativa es una posible estrategia de atención a la salud. Se reafirma la importancia de la escuela pública como institución que posibilita, a través del debate, la comprensión de los contextos de riesgo y la protección de la salud con fines de formación no solo técnica sino también socioemocional, ética, estética y política.Objetivou-se desenvolver uma formação em saúde mental numa escola pública para fomentar debates sobre temáticas que envolvessem condições de proteção e entendimento sobre risco à saúde. Além de investigar a dinâmica relacional dos encontros, que com a ocorrência da pandemia passaram a ser virtuais. O método se deu através da pesquisa-formação, um tipo de saber-fazer científico que assume como importante a subjetividade no intercurso da formação e que centra-se crítico-políticamente. O grupo foi composto pela comunidade escolar e acadêmica. Os encontros ocorreram de forma mensal ou bimensal por plataformas on-line, gerando diários de bordo, desenhos, fotografias, poesias, entre outros. Os resultados avaliados conduziram para pontos de debate nomeados como pandemia e sentimentos em comum, desafios e reflexões a partir da pandemia e compartilhamento de estratégias de cuidado. Os resultados apontaram novos modos de subjetivação em decorrência da pandemia no enfrentamento a realidade interposta, o agravamento da situação de saúde de quem já estava em adoecimento e a noção de que a proposição de um grupo que se reune para elaborar a experiência de forma compartilhada e cooperativa é uma estratégia possível de cuidado em saúde. Reafirma-se a importância da escola pública como uma instituição que possibilita por meio do debate a compreensão de contextos de risco e proteção a saúde para fins de uma formação não só técnica mas, socioemocional, ética, estética e política

Clupeid populations of inshore waters of the west coast of Scotland

Population dynamics and aspects of biology of the clupeid populations in the sea-lochs and the 'open' areas around Oban were studied from April 1970 to October 1972. The area investigated is an important nursery ground for young clupeids. The localised distribution of 0-group fish and the age structure of the sprat populations are mainly attributed to the biomass that can be supported by each locality. The composition of the commercial fishery was similar to that of the more 'open' areas. Growth rate of 0-group clupeids is not significantly different from locality to locality. A period of rapid growth in sprats after their first winter is evident. Growth curves using empirical data and back-calculated lengths were constructed. Autumn-spawned young herring probably originate from the Minch autumn spawning stock, and the spring-spawned ones from the Clyde stock. The sprat populations appear to be homogeneous in origin. Spawning in sprats lasts for a period of five to six months, starting in February-March. Minimum size of maturity is 88-90 mm in both sexes but males mature earlier in the season. Sprat shed their eggs in 7 to 10 batches and the significance of serial spawning is critically examined. The fecundity ranges from 8300 to 46600 in fish between 95 and 146 mm in length. It is significantly correlated to weight, length and age. 0-group clupeids tend to feed throughout the year, whereas nearly 40% of the older individuals do not feed during the winter months. The species composition of the diet in 0-group herring and sprats are identical. The diet is mainly crustacean, the main component being copepods. Qualitative and quantitative similarity of the diet and the overlap of the daily feeding periodicities in 0-group clupeids is indicative of potential competition for food between these two species, when and if the food supply is limiting. Two species of nematodes and one helminth were found to be parasitic in the body cavity and the gut respectively. In addition two species of the genus Lernaeenicus were parasitic on sprat

Pequenos grandes sorrisos

Introdução: As doenças orais, particularmente a cárie dentária e a doença periodontal, são patologias que podem ser prevenidas através de bons hábitos de higiene e de uma alimentação cuidada. A prevenção primária é um conjunto de ações que visam remover os fatores causais, promovendo a saúde e a proteção específica. Já a proteção secundária visa identificar o que está errado e colocar o indivíduo na condição de saudável. Objetivo: Realizar a sensibilização das crianças e dos cuidadores para a saúde oral, otimizando hábitos de higiene e colmatando desta forma lacunas ao nível da prevenção primária. Proceder à realização dos atos clínicos necessários às crianças identificadas como tendo indicação para tal, suprindo falhas do foro da prevenção secundária. Material e Métodos: Neste estudo foram incluídas todas as crianças institucionalizadas em Viseu. Foi preenchida uma ficha clínica com realização de pesagem e medição, efetuou-se observação intraoral e foi ainda calculado o índice CPOD. Resultados: Das 100 crianças incluídas, 55 eram do género masculino. A idade média da amostra situa-se em 12,21 +/- 4,41 anos, (1-18 anos) e 70% estavam com peso normal para a idade. 56% das crianças afirmavam ter problemas de saúde e 68% tomavam medicação (pedo)psiquiátrica sendo que, a idade que mais toma medicação, é a partir dos 15 anos. Todas as crianças diziam escovar os dentes diariamente e 55,6% higienizava a língua. Contudo apenas 1% referia usar fio dentário e é de ressalvar que todas as crianças que afirmavam higienizar os dentes diziam fazê-lo sem supervisão. A média do índice CPOD foi de 3,43 +/- 3,58 e 56% das crianças estavam em classe I molar. Conclusões: É de suma importância e de responsabilidade social que os cuidados fornecidos a estes menores sejam redobrados para que possam crescer saudáveis a todos os níveis. Logo, é necessário implementar medidas de prevenção e estratégias de promoção de saúde oral para as crianças que residem em instituições tuteladas pelo Estado, bem como para as pessoas que as auxiliam no seu dia-a-diaIntroduction: Dental caries and periodontal disease can be prevented with good higiene habits and healthy food. Actions that remove the causal effects promoting health are called primary prevention. Secundary prevention is the identification of what is wrong and reestablish the individual in a healthy condition. Objective: Raise children and caregivers the awareness for oral health, optimizing hygiene habits thus filling gaps in primary prevention and carry out the necessary clinical acts for the identified children. Supplying failures of the secondary prevention. Materials and Methods: In this study were included all institutionalized children in Viseu. A clinical record was completed, intraoral observation was performed and the DMFT Index was filled and children were weighted and measured. Results: Of the 100 children included, 55 were male. The sample average age of the was 12.21 +/- 4.41 years (1-18 years) and 70% were with normal weight. 56% of children said they had health problems and 68% were taking psychiatric: more prevalente in children older than 15 years old. All children reported brushing their teeth daily, 55.6% sanitazed their tongue. However, only 1% reported using dental floss. It’s important to note that all children who claimed to clean their teeth said they did it without supervision. The average DMFT index was 3.43 +/- 3.58 and 56% of the children were in molar class I. Conclusions: It is of paramount importance and social responsibility that care provided to these minors are redoubled so that they can grow up healthy. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive measures and promote oral health for children residing in supervised state institutions, as well as for the people who assist them in their day-to-day lives

A global perspective of aquaculture in the new millennium

In modern times, not many primary industries have consistently recorded high yearly growth over a period of two decades. Aquaculture has sustained a global growth, continues to grow, and is expected to increasingly fill the shortfall in aquatic food products resulting from static or declining capture fisheries and population increase well into the year 2025. Its further growth and development will have to occur under a different socio-economic milieu in the new millennium. The basic paradigm changes will be from an increased production at almost any cost, to a sustainable increase in production with minimal environmental perturbations. Despite such paradigm changes, aquaculture will increasingly contribute to food security, poverty alleviation and social equity. The contribution of aquaculture to world food supply of aquatic products has been increasing over the past 10 years, in comparison to capture fisheries, growing from 15 to 28 percent of total production between 1988 and 1997. As the bulk of aquaculture is rural and subsistence, it plays a major role as a provider of direct and indirect employment to the rural poor and, thereby, to poverty alleviation. In many developing countries, aquaculture provides opportunities for diversification on agriculture farms and productive use to otherwise idle land during certain seasons. The main cause for the upsurge in the sector has been the transformation of aquaculture from an &ldquo;art&rdquo; form to a &ldquo;science&rdquo;. This brought many advantages, ranging from less dependence on wild stock to the development of techniques that optimized yields, such as polyculture, or enabled the achievement of high yields with low inputs. Two major developments also enabled the sector to maintain growth momentum, appropriate institutional frameworks and concerted research and development. Regions or continents have many commonalities. These include the predominance of finfish among the cultivated species, and the predominance of species that feed lower in the food chain, although shrimp, which does not naturally feed high in the trophic level but is mostly reared on artificial feed, has become a significant culture commodity. Notable differences, however, include the fact that all regions, except Africa and the countries of the former USSR, have recorded a significant increase in per capita production between 1984 and 1997. While Asia continues to dominate world aquaculture in overall tonnage, as well as in every major commodity, South America has registered a very high (72.8 percent) average annual growth between 1984 and 1997. The global and regional trends over the last 20 years in the sector from a number of perspectives, such as production trends, contribution of aquaculture to aquatic food consumption etc., are evaluated. Based on these different trends and in the light of changing socio-economic conditions globally, and in particular, in developing nations, the potential changes in the sector in the new millennium are highlighted. Finally, projections are made for the next 20 years, where opportunities, constraints and strategies for achieving the targets are presented and discussed.<br /

Fish oil in aquaculture : in retrospect

The use of fish oils by aquaculture is the key impediment on the future growth and sustainability of the industry. Fish oil, the key provider of health-beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, fluctuates drastically in supply and cost, and is extracted unsustainably from world oceans. Resultantly, its persistent use has fueled a heated global debate and sparked a generation of research focus into possible means of reducing the aquaculture industry\u27s dependence on this resource. This chapter introduces the subject of fish oil usage in aquaculture on a global basis, and briefly traces the history of related issues. Accordingly, the major fish species utilized for fish meal and fish oil production are traced and the chemical and nutritional characteristics of fish oils of different origins are provided. The future expected availability of fish oil for aquaculture and the sustainability of the reduction industry are subsequently discussed.<br /