The perceived framework of a classical statistic: Is the non-invariance of a Wald statistic much ado about null thing?

The distinction between a nominal framework for the three classical statistics and a perceived framework for each classical statistic provides more ways to interpret these statistics, and intuitively explains as well as more easily shows some well-known results. In particular, each classical statistic can be viewed in terms of a length in each of four spaces and, since the classical procedures per se are equivalent in a perceived framework, two statistics are identical if their perceived frameworks are identical. This helps to integrate the normally separately treated issues of a reformulation of a null hypothesis and of locally equivalent alternatives. For example, a Wald statistic is not invariant if a reformulation changes its perceived framework, and an appropriate score statistic is invariant as its perceived framework is unaffected by considering a locally equivalent alternative. [During the thirty-four months this paper was under consideration at The Econometrics Journal, the Editor-in-charge (Professor Stephane Gregoir) did not reply to three (of the author's four) requests about the status of the submission, and provided neither a referee's report nor a first decision. Also, when asked to intervene by the author, the new Managing Editor (Professor Richard J Smith) offered the author the possibility of submitting the paper (as a new submission) to the new editorial regime, at which point, the author withdrew the paper.]classical statistic; likelihood ratio statistic; nominal framework; perceived framework; score statistic; Wald statistic

A simple explanation for the non-invariance of a Wald statistic to a reformulation of a null hypothesis

For a given null hypothesis and its reformulation, the associated Wald statistics are shown to be members of a wider family of statistics where all members are asymptotically equivalent under the null hypothesis. Therefore, the non-invariance of a Wald statistic (to a reformulation of a null hypothesis) is equivalent to using different members of the wider family and, in addition, this non-invariance implies that these members use different estimators of an appropriate variance-covariance matrix.

Enhancement of in vitro Guayule propagation

A method for stimulating in vitro propagation of Guayule from a nutrient medium containing Guayule tissue by adding a substituted trialkyl amine bioinducing agent to the nutrient medium is described. Selective or differentiated propagation of shoots or callus is obtained by varying the amounts of substituted trialky amine present in the nutrient medium. The luxuriant growth provided may be processed for its poly isoprene content or may be transferred to a rooting medium for production of whole plants as identical clones of the original tissue. The method also provides for the production of large numbers of Guayule plants having identical desirable properties such as high polyisoprene levels

The Reality of Fantasy: Addressing the Viability of a Substantive Due Process Attack on Florida\u27s Purported Stance Against Participation in Fantasy Sports Leagues that Involve the Exchange of Money

Fantasy sports leagues have swept the nation and have become a favorite pastime for millions of Americans. For a large portion of fantasy participants, the experience is shared with an intimate group and provides a means for maintaining relationships after ways have been parted. College and high school friends are able to stay connected in a fun and competitive way. For providers, fantasy sports leagues provide a profitable business opportunity in a thriving market. Florida\u27s position of regulation, articulated by an Attorney General\u27s advisory opinion that has never been challenged or refuted, unreasonably attacks these intimate associations. By this assumed position, the state of Florida has postured itself as a state involved in the practice of arbitrarily and capriciously exercising its police powers upon its citizens. A substantive due process challenge brought by participants with good standing would likely succeed either because the state interference infringed upon the fundamental liberty of social association or more likely because the interference with the economic liberty was arbitrary and capricious

Transformational Leadership and Cultural Values: Are They Related To Desired organizational Outcomes?

Globalization of the marketplace and tile intense competition among multinational corporations makes attainment of organizational goals an imperative. Furthermore, an increasingly culturally diverse workforce challenges twenty-first century leaders to manage employees in ways to maximize desired organizational outcomes. This study investigates the relationships between cultural value variations, transformational leadership, and work-related outcomes. Managers at all levels of the organization will benefit from insights into what motivates workers to higher levels of performance

Transformational Leadership and Performance Outcomes of Multinational Corporations in Thailand

This paper describes a study of leadership in six multinational corporations (MNCs) in Thailand. Specifically, the study examined relationships between leadership (transformational and transactional) and organizational outcomes as reported by 296 subordinates of middle and lower level managers in U.S.-based MNCs in Bangkok. In the Information Age, access to a global IT infrastructure, particularly through telecommunications, is at the heart of business and national competitiveness. Individual managers everywhere face a growing scope of responsibility, with accountability for more goals and people than ever before. Consequently, it is more important now than ever for managers delegate authority and communicate effectively with their employees. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to measure transformational and transactional leadership and three organizational outcomes (extra effort on the job, perception of leaders’ effectiveness, and subordinates’ job satisfaction). Results indicate that transformational and transactional leadership accounted for significant amounts of the variance in subordinates’ extra effort, perceptions of leader effectiveness and job satisfaction. Results are similar to those obtained in previous studies in North America

Value Orientation Of Jamaicans Compared To Students In The United States Of America

This study investigates differences in the value orientation of Jamaican students who live and study in the US for an extended period compared to Jamaican students in Jamaica and US students to see if there is support for the theories of convergence, divergence and crossvergence given the effects of globalization on different countries. Dorfman and Howel’s (1988) scale, which measures Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Collectivism, Masculinity and Paternalism, assessed value orientation in this study.  The results reveal that there are no differences between Jamaican students in Jamaica and those in the US that suggests strength in the Jamaican culture as Jamaicans live in the US.  However, there was only one significant difference between Jamaican students in the US and the US students; uncertainty avoidance was significantly higher for the former.  This supports divergend or retaining one’s distinctive cultural orientation despite ongoing interaction over time.  There was no difference between US students, Jamaicans in US and Jamaican universities on all other dimensions. This lends support to convergence or merging of cultures