Exploring future C++ features within a geometric modeling context

The development of the C++ programming language and its standard library has undergone a renaissance since the introduction of the C++11 standard, making the language more relevant than ever, through modern features, simplification and expansion of the standard library. Comparing past and future feature sets (C++17, C++20, ...) similar to comparing different programming languages. In this article we look at how new and upcoming features of the language can be utilized to ease the development of domain specific application areas through features such as generic programming, compile-time polymorphism and type-safety. We provide representative examples by application to differential geometry by modeling hierarchical structure for parametric object evaluation

Protection of teleost fish against infectious diseases through oral administration of vaccines: Update 2021

Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish

Innate Immunity

Research on the innate immunity has accelerated over the last decades. The main reason for this has been the discovery of receptors recognizing danger molecules from pathogens. This has been facilitated through genome and transcriptome sequencing of different fish species. Also, endogenous host molecules from sterile physiological insults may also bind to certain receptors and induce immunological processes. The magnitude and quality of adaptive immunity are known to be dependent on the instructions the innate response gives. This chapter gives an overview of selected innate immune organs/tissues, factors, and processes that have been suggested to possess important roles during innate immune response in fish

It is not a crisis itself, if does not promote changes

Univ Fed Fluminense, Escola Enfermagem Aurora Afonso Costa, Med Surg Nursing Dept, Niteroi, RJ, BrazilBrazilian Nursing Assoc ABEn, Sci Editors Forum, Sao Paulo, BrazilOnline Brazilian Journal Nursing, Niteroi, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nursing Sch, Med Surg Nursing Dept, Sao Paulo, BrazilBrazilian Nursing Assoc ABEn, Commun & Publishing, Sao Paulo, BrazilRevista Brasileira Enfermagem, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Nursing Sch, Med Surg Nursing Dept, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

GATA-3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Tissue distribution and its regulation of IL-4/13a promoter

GATA3 is a transcription factor that plays an important role in T cell lineage differentiation and T-helper 2 (Th2) type immune responses. In this study, we developed two rat antibodies against Atlantic salmon GATA-3 (anti-rSsGATA-3a and anti-rSsGATA-3b, respectively). The western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that anti-rSsGATA-3b antibodies recognized endogenous SsGATA-3 proteins, while the anti-rSsGATA-3a antibodies did not bind SsGATA-3. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SsGATA-3 positive cells were detected in all tissues tested, with relatively high number of immune reactive cells in the gills and spleen. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical study revealed that SsGATA-3 was expressed in pillar cells, epithelial cells, chondrocytes, perichondrium cells, and some undifferentiated basal cells. In addition, we determined 577 bp of the upstream promoter sequence of SsIL-4/13a and found four motifs that matched SsGATA-3 binding sites. The promoter regions of SsIL-4/13a were assessed by transfecting four deletion reporter constructs and SsGATA-3 overexpression plasmids. The result showed that SsGATA-3 enhanced the activity of SsIL-4/13a promoters within the region ranging from -317 to -302 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Antibodies against Th2 markers such as GATA-3 are valuable in addressing the diversity of T cell responses in fish

Scavenger endothelial cells of fish, a review

The definition of scavenger endothelial cells (SEC) is exclusively based on functional and structural characteristics. The following characteristics are common hallmarks for the vertebrate SEC: (a) All vertebrates examined are furnished with a population of special SEC that plays a role in the catabolism of physiologic and non-physiologic soluble waste macromolecules. (b) From the ligands that are endocytosed, SEC in all seven vertebrate classes appear to express the collagen α-chain receptor and the scavenger receptors. In addition, the hyaluronan and the mannose receptors are present on SEC of mammalia (several species) and osteichthyes (e.g., salmon and cod). It is likely that all four receptor types are present in all vertebrate classes. (c) Like liver endothelial cells (LEC) in mammals, SEC in all vertebrate classes are geared to endocytosis of soluble macromolecules, but phagocytic uptake of particles is taken care of mainly by macrophages. (d) The most primitive vertebrates (hagfish, lamprey and ray) carry their SEC in gill vessels, whereas phylogenetically younger fishes (salmon, carp, cod and plaice) carry their SEC in either kidney or heart and in all terrestrial vertebrates—SEC are found exclusively in the liver. (e) SEC of all vertebrates are localized in blood sinusoids or trabeculae that carry large amounts of slowly flowing and O2 poor blood. (f) SEC differs functionally and structurally from what is normally associated with “conventional vascular endothelium.

Efficiency of the rail sections in Brazilian railway system, using TOPSIS and a genetic algorithm to analyse optimized scenarios

A railway system plays a significant role in countries with large territorial dimensions. The Brazilian rail cargo system (BRCS), however, is focused on solid bulk for export. This paper investigates the extreme performances of BRCS through a new hybrid model that combines TOPSIS with a genetic algorithm for estimating the weights in optimized scenarios. In a second stage, the significance of selected variables was assessed. The transport of any type of cargo, a centralized control of the operation, and sharing the railway track pushing competition, and the diversification of services are significant for high performance. Public strategies are discussed.Indisponível

Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Amines to Azoxy Derivatives over Aluminium and Gallium Oxide Catalysts with Nanorod Morphology

Aluminium oxide and gallium oxide nanorods were identified as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of aromatic amines to azoxy compounds using hydrogen peroxide as environmentally friendly oxidant. This is the first report of the selective oxidation of aromatic amines to their azoxy derivatives without using transition metal catalysts. Among the tested transition-metal-free oxides, gallium oxide nanorods with small dimensions (9-52 nm length and 3-5 nm width) and fully accessible, high surface area (225 m(2) g(-1)) displayed the best catalytic performance in terms of substrate versatility, activity and azoxybenzene selectivity. Furthermore, the catalyst loading, hydrogen peroxide type (aqueous or anhydrous), and the amount of solvent were tuned to optimise the catalytic performance, which allowed reaching almost full selectivity (98 %) towards azoxybenzene at high aniline conversion (94 %). Reusability tests showed that the gallium oxide nanorod catalyst can be recycled in consecutive runs with complete retention of the original activity and selectivity

Dignidade humana à luz da Constituição, dos Direitos Humanos e da bioética

Introduction: Human dignity, as coined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR / 1948), is an expression social solidarity, which should cement the relations between people. Human dignity is the foundation of all rights, such as freedom, equality, justice and peace in the world, and in Brazil, human dignity was deemed a fundamental pillar of the country’s post-1988 constitutional order. Objective: This article seeks to a deeper investigation about the social nature of human dignity and its definition over time.     Methods: This is an exploratory research meant to unpack the concepts of "human dignity", "bioethics", "human rights" and "constitution". After describing the conceptual evolution of human dignity and the facts relevant to its conceptual formation in world history - as a normative standard and a legal rule -, we address the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR/1948), the Declaration of Helsinki (DH/1964), the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR/2005), and the definition adopted in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CFRB/1988). The study was carried out without temporal limitation, and included a review of referenced books, legal doctrines, as well as articles and books in the SciELO database. Results and discussion: The findings ratify that human dignity is the foundation of all rights, including those of freedom, equality, justice and peace in the world, and must also guide the rights and duties of social regulation. Human dignity has changed from a criterion of power attributed to the social position of individuals to a value of the right to freedom, which now goes beyond the right of freedom and is the basis of modern constitutional democracy, which makes possible the realization of solidarity, as well as the duty and purpose of the state and the community. The will of the subject, of society, of the science and of the state, as well as the rules of domination and regulation, must have a limit on human dignity, and human dignity is not just fundamental right, in the sense of the Constitution, and must prevail over the exclusive will of science, the State and society. Therefore, in the making of power decisions and in realization of possible innovations of science involving human beings, human dignity demands the explicit consideration of respect and promotion of it. Conclusion: Human dignity is enshrined in Brazilian constitutional law, as well as in bioethics and in human rights, and it constitutes all the fundamental rights of the human person. It is not merely a rule of autonomy and liberty, and it is an obligatory and non-derogable precept in the making of power decisions, a true main foundation of constitutional democracies.  Introdução: A dignidade humana, cunhada pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (DUDH/1948), é uma expressão de solidariedade social, que deve cimentar as relações entre as pessoas. A dignidade humana é a base de todos os direitos, como liberdade, igualdade, justiça e paz no mundo, e no Brasil, a dignidade humana foi considerada um pilar fundamental da ordem constitucional pós-1988 do país. Objetivo: Este artigo busca uma investigação mais profunda sobre a natureza social da dignidade humana e sua definição ao longo do tempo. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória que visa revelar os conceitos de "dignidade humana", "bioética", "direitos humanos" e "constituição". Após descrever a evolução conceitual da dignidade humana e os fatos relevantes para sua formação conceitual na história mundial - como padrão normativo e norma jurídica -, abordamos a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (DUDH/1948), a Declaração de Helsinque (DH/1964), a Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos (DUBDH/2005) e a definição adotada na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (CFRB/ 1988). O estudo foi realizado sem limitação temporal e incluiu uma revisão de livros referenciados, doutrinas jurídicas, bem como artigos e livros no banco de dados SciELO. Resultados e Discussão: As conclusões ratificam que a dignidade humana é o fundamento de todos os direitos, incluindo os de liberdade, igualdade, justiça e paz no mundo, e deve também orientar os direitos e deveres da regulação social. A dignidade humana passou de um critério de poder atribuído à posição social dos indivíduos para um valor do direito à liberdade, que agora ultrapassa o direito à liberdade e é a base da democracia constitucional moderna, que possibilita a realização da solidariedade, bem como o dever e propósito do Estado e da comunidade. A vontade do sujeito, da sociedade, da ciência e do Estado, bem como as regras de dominação e regulação, devem ter um limite na dignidade humana, e essa não é apenas um direito fundamental no sentido da Constituição, devendo prevalecer sobre a vontade exclusiva da ciência, do Estado e da sociedade. Portanto, nas decisões de poder e na realização de possíveis inovações da ciência envolvendo seres humanos exige-se a consideração explícita do respeito e da promoção da dignidade humana. Conclusão: A dignidade humana é ponto consagrado no direito constitucional brasileiro, assim como na bioética e nos direitos humanos e constitui todos os direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana. Não é apenas uma regra de autonomia e liberdade, trata-se de preceito obrigatório e inderrogável na tomada de decisões de poder, verdadeiro fundamento principal do Estado democrático de direito. &nbsp

Cleaner fish in aquaculture: review on diseases and vaccination

Combating and controlling sea lice causes large economic costs for the farmers, with estimated values of more than 305 million euros (€) per year. Increased resistance against traditional chemotherapeutants due to evolutionary drivers in the sea lice combined with the lack of an effective vaccine and few other chemical treatments available are expected to cause these costs to increase. Several possible methods for managing sea lice infestations have been investigated, but only cleaner fish has proven to have an effect on lice levels. Cleaning activity is well known in marine fish and has been observed in the wild as a form of symbiosis between two species: one species, the ‘client’ fish, seek out the other species, the ‘cleaner’ fish, to have ectoparasites and dead tissue cleared from its body. The Atlantic lumpfish is a relatively new aquaculture species, and wild‐caught mature fish are used as brood stock for farmed production. This poses a biosecurity risk, as wild fish can carry pathogens, and the use of quarantine and health screening is recommended. Vaccine development is unfortunately lagging far behind relatively to the wide spread and high utilisation of the fish. This review contains description of the main pathogens and diseases that affect cleaner fish