Accumulation of cyclophilin A isoforms in conditioned medium of irradiated breast cancer cells

International audienceSecreted proteins play a key role in cell signaling and communication. We recently showed that ionizing radiations induced a delayed cell death of breast cancer cells, mediated by the death receptor pathways through the expression of soluble forms of death ligands. Using the same cell model, the objective of our work was the identification of diffusible factors, secreted following cell irradiation, potentially involved in cell death signaling. Differential proteomic analysis of conditioned media using 2DE resulted in detection of numerous spots that were significantly modulated following cell irradiation. The corresponding proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS approaches. Interestingly, five isoforms of cyclophilin A were observed as increased in conditioned medium of irradiated cells. These isoforms differed in isoelectric points and in accumulation levels. An increase of cyclophilin A secretion was confirmed by Western blotting of conditioned media of irradiated or radiosentive mammary cells. These isoforms displayed an interesting pattern of protein maturation and post-translational modifications, including an alternating removal of N-terminal methionine, associated with a combination of acetylations and methylations. The role of the protein is discussed in relation with its potential involvement in the mechanisms of intercells relationships and radiosensitivity

A threshold of endogenous stress is required to engage cellular response to protect against mutagenesis

International audienceEndogenous stress represents a major source of genome instability, but is in essence difficult to apprehend. Incorporation of labeled radionuclides into DNA constitutes a tractable model to analyze cellular responses to endogenous attacks. Here we show that incorporation of [$^3$H]thymidine into CHO cells generates oxidative-induced mutagenesis, but, with a peak at low doses. Proteomic analysis showed that the cellular response differs between low and high levels of endogenous stress. In particular, these results confirmed the involvement of proteins implicated in redox homeostasis and DNA damage signaling pathways. Induced-mutagenesis was abolished by the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine and plateaued, at high doses, upon exposure to L-buthionine sulfoximine, which represses cellular detoxification. The [$^3$H]thymidine-induced mutation spectrum revealed mostly base substitutions, exhibiting a signature specific for low doses (GC > CG and AT > CG). Consistently, the enzymatic activity of the base excision repair protein APE-1 is induced at only medium or high doses. Collectively, the data reveal that a threshold of endogenous stress must be reached to trigger cellular detoxification and DNA repair programs; below this threshold, the consequences of endogenous stress escape cellular surveillance, leading to high levels of mutagenesis. Therefore, low doses of endogenous local stress can jeopardize genome integrity more efficiently than higher doses

Sir3 heterochromatin protein promotes non‐homologous end joining by direct inhibition of Sae2

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Chromatin recruitment of OGG1 requires cohesin and mediator and is essential for efficient 8-oxoG removal

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ComFC mediates transport and handling of single-stranded DNA during natural transformation

International audienceAbstract The ComFC protein is essential for natural transformation, a process that plays a major role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors across bacteria. However, its role remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Helicobacter pylori ComFC is involved in DNA transport through the cell membrane, and is required for the handling of the single-stranded DNA once it is delivered into the cytoplasm. The crystal structure of ComFC includes a zinc-finger motif and a putative phosphoribosyl transferase domain, both necessary for the protein’s in vivo activity. Furthermore, we show that ComFC is a membrane-associated protein with affinity for single-stranded DNA. Our results suggest that ComFC provides the link between the transport of the transforming DNA into the cytoplasm and its handling by the recombination machinery

Mechanism of MRX inhibition by Rif2 at telomeres

International audienceSpecific proteins present at telomeres ensure chromosome end stability, in large part through unknown mechanisms. In this work, we address how the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORC-related Rif2 protein protects telomere. We show that the small N-terminal Rif2 BAT motif (Blocks Addition of Telomeres) previously known to limit telomere elongation and Tel1 activity is also sufficient to block NHEJ and 5' end resection. The BAT motif inhibits the ability of the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex (MRX) to capture DNA ends. It acts through a direct contact with Rad50 ATP-binding Head domains. Through genetic approaches guided by structural predictions, we identify residues at the surface of Rad50 that are essential for the interaction with Rif2 and its inhibition. Finally, a docking model predicts how BAT binding could specifically destabilise the DNA-bound state of the MRX complex. From these results, we propose that when an MRX complex approaches a telomere, the Rif2 BAT motif binds MRX Head in its ATP-bound resting state. This antagonises MRX transition to its DNA-bound state, and favours a rapid return to the ATP-bound state. Unable to stably capture the telomere end, the MRX complex cannot proceed with the subsequent steps of NHEJ, Tel1-activation and 5' resection

Identification of key residues of the DNA glycosylase OGG1 controlling efficient DNA sampling and recruitment to oxidized bases in living cells

International audienceThe DNA-glycosylase OGG1 oversees the detection and clearance of the 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which is the most frequent form of oxidized base in the genome. This lesion is deeply buried within the double-helix and its detection requires careful inspection of the bases by OGG1 via a mechanism that remains only partially understood. By analyzing OGG1 dynamics in the nucleus of living human cells, we demonstrate that the glycosylase constantly samples the DNA by rapidly alternating between diffusion within the nucleoplasm and short transits on the DNA. This sampling process, that we find to be tightly regulated by the conserved residue G245, is crucial for the rapid recruitment of OGG1 at oxidative lesions induced by laser micro-irradiation. Furthermore, we show that residues Y203, N149 and N150, while being all involved in early stages of 8-oxoG probing by OGG1 based on previous structural data, differentially regulate the sampling of the DNA and recruitment to oxidative lesions

A role for endothelial alpha-mannosidase MAN1C1 in radiation-induced immune cell recruitment

International audienceRadiation therapy damages tumors and normal tissues, probably in part through the recruitment of immune cells. Endothelial high-mannose N-glycans are, in particular, involved in monocyte-endothelium interactions. Trimmed by the class I α-mannosidases, these structures are quite rare in normal conditions. Here, we show that the expression of the endothelial α-mannosidase MAN1C1 protein decreases after irradiation. We modeled two crucial steps in monocyte recruitment by developing in vitro real-time imaging models. Inhibition of MAN1C1 expression by siRNA gene silencing increases the abundance of high-mannose N-glycans, improves the adhesion of monocytes on endothelial cells in flow conditions and, in contrast, decreases radiation-induced transendothelial migration of monocytes. Consistently, overexpression of MAN1C1 in endothelial cells using lentiviral vectors decreases the abundance of high-mannose N-glycans and monocyte adhesion and enhances transendothelial migration of monocytes. Hence, we propose a role for endothelial MAN1C1 in the recruitment of monocytes, particularly in the adhesion step to the endothelium

Avelumab Versus Docetaxel in Patients With Platinum-Treated Advanced NSCLC: 2-Year Follow-Up From the JAVELIN Lung 200 Phase 3 Trial

International audienceAbstract Specific proteins present at telomeres ensure chromosome end stability, in large part through unknown mechanisms. In this work, we address how the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORC-related Rif2 protein protects telomere. We show that the small N-terminal Rif2 BAT motif ( B locks A ddition of T elomeres) previously known to limit telomere elongation and Tel1 activity is also sufficient to block NHEJ and 5’ end resection. The BAT motif inhibits the ability of the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex (MRX) to capture DNA ends. It acts through a direct contact with Rad50 ATP-binding Head domains. Through genetic approaches guided by structural predictions, we identify residues at the surface of Rad50 that are essential for the interaction with Rif2 and its inhibition. Finally, a docking model predicts how BAT binding could specifically destabilise the DNA-bound state of the MRX complex. From these results, we propose that when an MRX complex approaches a telomere, the Rif2 BAT motif binds MRX Head in its ATP-bound resting state. This antagonises MRX transition to its DNA-bound state, and favours a rapid return to the ATP-bound state. Unable to stably capture the telomere end, the MRX complex cannot proceed with the subsequent steps of NHEJ, Tel1-activation and 5’ resection