Perfilhamento em Capim-bermuda cv. Tifton 85 em resposta a doses e ao momento de aplicação do nitrogênio após o corte

A adubação nitrogenada é fator determinante na produtividade das pastagens, pois aumenta a produção de massa e está associada à fisiologia de crescimento das plantas forrageiras. Um experimento foi conduzido com a gramínea Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), em casa-de-vegetação num solo Neossolo Quartzarênico, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de doses e momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio após o corte no perfilhamento desta planta forrageira. Foram definidas quatro doses e dois momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio após o corte, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, no delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As doses de nitrogênio foram de 0, 80, 160 e 240 mg kg-1 de solo e os dois momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio foram imediatamente após o corte das plantas e após sete dias. As avaliações foram conduzidas durante dois períodos de crescimentos, com as plantas atingindo 39 e 41 dias de idade. Houve efeito das doses de nitrogênio no número inicial de perfilhos no segundo crescimento, e no número de perfilhos surgidos e no número final de perfilhos nos dois períodos avaliados. O peso dos perfilhos individuais teve incrementos até as doses de nitrogênio de 201 e 185 mg kg-1 de solo, no primeiro e segundo cortes, respectivamente. Foram obtidos os coeficientes de correlação de 0,92 e 0,94 entre o número final de perfilhos e produção de massa seca da parte aérea, para o primeiro e segundo crescimentos, respectivamente. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos foi influenciada pelas doses e momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio após o corte, sendo estes efeitos independentes no primeiro e interativos no segundo crescimento, para cada período de avaliação.Nitrogen fertilization is determinant for pasture productivity, as it results in increasing forage yield and is associated with the growth physiology of forage plants. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of nitrogen rates and times of application after cutting on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) tillering. Plants were grown in a Typic Quartzipsamment soil and nitrogen rates were 0, 80, 160 and 240 mg kg-1 of soil; times of application were immediately after and seven days after cutting. A 4 x 2 factorial experiment was set in a completely randomized block design (n= 4). Plants were evaluated in two sequential growth periods - 39 and 41 days. Nitrogen rates affected tiller density, considering the initial number of tillers in the second growth and the emerged and final number of tillers at the end of the growth periods. Tiller weight increased up to the nitrogen rate of 201 and 185 mg kg-1 of soil in the first and second growth periods, and the correlation coefficients between the final number of tillers and dry matter yields in the top part of the plant for these periods were 0.92 and 0.94, respectively. The rate of tiller development, evaluated in each of the seven-day periods, was affected by nitrogen rates and time of application. There was an effect of rates and time of application in the first and a significant interaction between rates and time in the second growth period

Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Combination Therapy Compared to Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Monotherapy for the Treatment of Severe Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T) is a combination of an advanced-generation cephalosporin (ceftolozane) with a β-lactamase inhibitor (tazobactam). It is approved for the treatment of complicated urinary-tract/intra-abdominal infections and hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated pneumonia. This systematic review and meta-analysis (registered prospectively on PROSPERO, no. CRD42019134099, on 20 January 2020) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of C/T combination therapy compared to C/T monotherapy for the treatment of severe infections and to describe the prevalence of microorganisms in the included studies. We retrieved literature from PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL, until 26 November 2020. Eligible studies were both randomised trials and nonrandomised studies with a control group, published in the English language and peer-reviewed journals. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were (i) clinical improvement and (ii) microbiological cure. Eight nonrandomised studies were included in the qualitative synthesis: Seven retrospective cohort studies and one case-control study. The meta-analysis of the four studies evaluating all-cause mortality (in total 148 patients: 87 patients treated with C/T alone and 61 patients treated with C/T combination therapy) showed a significant reduction of mortality in patients receiving C/T combination therapy, OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10-0.97, p = 0.045. Conversely, the meta-analysis of the studies evaluating clinical improvement and microbiological cure showed no differences in C/T combination therapy compared to C/T monotherapy. The most consistent data come from the analysis of the clinical improvement, n = 391 patients, OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.54-1.74, p = 0.909. In 238 of the 391 patients included (60.8%), C/T was used for the treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Disease in Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical signs, radiographic, endoscopic and CT findings, cytological and microbiological findings and treatments of pulmonary diseases in sea turtles, in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis that avoids unnecessary therapy and antibiotic-resistance phenomena. In total, 14 loggerheads (Caretta caretta), with clinical and/or radiographic findings of pulmonary pathology, were assessed through various combinations of clinical, radiological, CT, endoscopic examination and bronchoalveolar lavage, which recovered fluid for cytologic and microbiologic analysis. In all cases, radiographic examination led to a diagnosis of pulmonary disorders—4 unilateral and 10 bilateral. All bacteria cultured were identified as Gram-negative. Antibiotic resistance was greater than 70% for all beta-lactams tested. In addition, all bacterial strains were 100% resistant to colistin sulfate and tetracycline. Specific antibiotic therapies were formulated for seven sea turtles using Enrofloxacin, and for four sea turtles using ceftazidime. In two turtles, antibiotic therapy was not included due to the presence of antibiotic resistance against all the antibiotics evaluated. In both cases, the coupage technique and environmental management allowed the resolution of the lung disease without antibiotics. All 14 sea turtles were released back into the sea. Radiographic examination must be considered the gold standard for screening sea turtles that show respiratory signs or abnormal buoyancy. Susceptibility testing with antimicrobials allowed appropriate therapy, including the reduction of antibiotic-resistance

Antibiotics or No Antibiotics, That Is the Question: An Update on Efficient and Effective Use of Antibiotics in Dental Practice

The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon is an emerging global problem and is induced by overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medical practice. In total, 10% of antibiotic prescriptions are from dentists, usually to manage oro-dental pains and avoid postsurgical complications. Recent research and clinical evaluations highlight new therapeutical approaches with a reduction in dosages and number of antibiotic prescriptions and recommend focusing on an accurate diagnosis and improvement of oral health before dental treatments and in patients' daily lives. In this article, the most common clinical and operative situations in dental practice, such as endodontics, management of acute alveolar abscesses, extractive oral surgery, parodontology and implantology, are recognized and summarized, suggesting possible guidelines to reduce antibiotic prescription and consumption, maintaining high success rates and low complications rates. Additionally, the categories of patients requiring antibiotic administration for pre-existing conditions are recapitulated. To reduce AMR threat, it is important to establish protocols for treatment with antibiotics, to be used only in specific situations. Recent reviews demonstrate that, in dentistry, it is possible to minimize the use of antibiotics, thoroughly assessing patient's conditions and type of intervention, thus improving their efficacy and reducing the adverse effects and enhancing the modern concept of personalized medicine

Diverticular Disease: a Gut Microbiota Perspective.

Gut microbiota composition and functionality are involved in the pathophysiology of several intestinal andextraintestinal diseases, and are increasingly considered a modulator of local and systemic inflammation.However, the involvement of gut microbiota in diverticulosis and in diverticular disease is still poorlyinvestigated. In this review, we critically analyze the existing evidence on the fecal and mucosa-associatedmicrobiota composition and functionality across different stages of diverticular disease. We also explorethe influence of risk factors for diverticulosis on gut microbiota composition, and speculate on the possiblerelevance of these associations for the pathogenesis of diverticula. We overview the current treatments ofdiverticular disease targeting the intestinal microbiome, highlighting the current areas of uncertainty andthe need for future studies. Although no conclusive remarks on the relationship between microbiota anddiverticular disease can be made, preliminary data suggest that abdominal symptoms are associated withreduced representation of taxa with a possible anti-inflammatory effect, such as Clostridium cluster IV, andovergrowth of Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia. The role of the microbiota in the earlystages of the disease is still very uncertain. Future studies should help to disentangle the role of the microbiomein the pathogenesis of diverticular disease and its progression towards more severe forms

Translation and cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the Finnish diabetes risk score (Findrisc) and reliability assessment

Introduction: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a tool that was initially developed to predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. This tool is simple, quick to apply, non-invasive, and low-cost. The aims of this study were to perform a translation and cultural adaptation of the original version of FINDRISC into Brazilian Portuguese and to assess test-retest reliability. Methodology: This work was done following the ISPOR Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures. Once the final Brazilian Portuguese version (FINDRISC-Br) was developed, the reliability assessment was performed using a non-random sample of 83 individuals attending a primary care health center. Each participant was interviewed by trained registered dieticians on two occasions with a mean interval of 14 days. The reliability assessment was performed by analyzing the level of agreement between the test-retest responses of FINDRISC-Br using Cohen’s kappa coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The steps of ISPOR guidelines were consecutively followed without major problems. Regarding the reliability assessment, the questionnaire as a whole presented adequate reliability (Cohen’s kappa = 0.82, 95%CI 0.72 – 0.92 and ICC = 0.94, 95%CI 0.91 – 0.96). Conclusion: FINDRISC was translated into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted following standard procedures. FINDRISC-Br has thus become available for use and has potential as a screening tool in different Brazilian settings and applications. © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva.Peer reviewe

Surface microbiota of Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles unraveled by 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing

The loggerhead sea turtle is considered a keystone species with a major ecological role in Mediterranean marine environment. As is the case with other wild reptiles, their outer microbiome is rarely studied. Although there are several studies on sea turtle’s macro-epibionts and endo-microbiota, there has been little research on epibiotic microbiota associated with turtle skin and carapace. Therefore we aimed to provide the identification of combined epibiotic eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal microbiota on Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles. In this study, we sampled skins and carapaces of 26 loggerheads from the Mediterranean Sea during 2018 and 2019. To investigate the overall microbial diversity and composition, amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes was performed. We found that the Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtle epibiotic microbiota is a reservoir of a vast variety of microbial species. Microbial communities mostly varied by different locations and seas, while within bacterial communities’ significant difference was observed between sampled body sites (carapace vs. skin). In terms of relative abundance, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the most represented phyla within prokaryotes, while Alveolata and Stramenopiles thrived among eukaryotes. This study, besides providing a first survey of microbial eukaryotes on loggerheads via metabarcoding, identifies fine differences within both bacterial and eukaryotic microbial communities that seem to reflect the host anatomy and habitat. Multi-domain epi-microbiome surveys provide additional layers of information that are complementary with previous morphological studies and enable better understanding of the biology and ecology of these vulnerable marine reptiles

Relationships among porcine and human P[6] rotaviruses: Evidence that the different human P[6] lineages have originated from multiple interspecies transmission events

AbstractPorcine rotavirus strains (PoRVs) bearing human-like VP4 P[6] gene alleles were identified. Genetic characterization with either PCR genotyping or sequence analysis allowed to determine the VP7 specificity of the PoRVs as G3, G4, G5 and G9, and the VP6 as genogroup I, that is predictive of a subgroup I specificity. Sequence analysis of the VP8* trypsin-cleavage product of VP4 allowed PoRVs to be characterized further into genetic lineages within the P[6] genotype. Unexpectedly, the strains displayed significantly higher similarity (up to 94.6% and 92.5% at aa and nt level, respectively) to human M37-like P[6] strains (lineage I), serologically classifiable as P2A, or to the atypical Hungarian P[6] human strains (HRVs), designated as lineage V (up to 97.0% aa and 96.1% nt), than to the porcine P[6] strain Gottfried, lineage II (<85.1% aa and 82.2 nt), which is serologically classified as P2B. Interestingly, no P[6] PoRV resembling the original prototype porcine strain, Gottfried, was detected, while Japanase P[6] PoRV clustered with the atypical Japanase G1 human strain AU19. By analysis of the 10th and 11th genome segments, all the strains revealed a NSP4B genogroup (Wa-like) and a NSP5/6 gene of porcine origin. These findings strongly suggest interspecies transmission of rotavirus strains and/or genes, and may indicate the occurrence of at least 3 separate rotavirus transmission events between pigs and humans, providing convincing evidence that evolution of human rotaviruses is tightly intermingled with the evolution of animal rotaviruses

VARIÁVEIS QUE IMPACTAM NA AUSÊNCIA DE PRÉ-NATAL, NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO: UM ESTUDO ECOLÓGICO

&nbsp;There&nbsp;are a&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;evidence-based&nbsp;interventions&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;reduce&nbsp;child&nbsp;mortality,&nbsp;among&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;care&nbsp;during&nbsp;pregnancy.&nbsp;This&nbsp;study&nbsp;aimed&nbsp;to&nbsp;verify&nbsp;the&nbsp;variables&nbsp;that&nbsp;impact&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;lack&nbsp;of&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;care. It&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;ecological,&nbsp;analytical,&nbsp;and&nbsp;retrospective&nbsp;study,&nbsp;comprising&nbsp;all&nbsp;municipalities&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;State&nbsp;of&nbsp;São Paulo,&nbsp;from&nbsp;1998&nbsp;to&nbsp;2008. It&nbsp;was&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;Gross&nbsp;Domestic&nbsp;Product&nbsp;(GDP) per capita (p &lt;0.0001)&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;inhabitants&nbsp;of&nbsp;each&nbsp;municipality&nbsp;(p &lt;0.05)&nbsp;interfered&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;reduction&nbsp;of&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;absence, i.e.,&nbsp;there&nbsp;was&nbsp;a&nbsp;decrease&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;pregnant&nbsp;women&nbsp;who&nbsp;did&nbsp;not&nbsp;undergo&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;consultation,&nbsp;while&nbsp;there&nbsp;was&nbsp;an&nbsp;increase&nbsp;in GDP&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;inhabitants&nbsp;per&nbsp;municipality.&nbsp;Regarding&nbsp;the&nbsp;model&nbsp;of&nbsp;care, it&nbsp;was&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;proportion&nbsp;of&nbsp;implemented&nbsp;family&nbsp;health&nbsp;teams&nbsp;influenced&nbsp;the&nbsp;reducion&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;lack&nbsp;of&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;care&nbsp;(p &lt;0.05).&nbsp;Variables&nbsp;related&nbsp;to&nbsp;life&nbsp;context&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;profile&nbsp;of&nbsp;health&nbsp;services&nbsp;favored&nbsp;the&nbsp;improvement&nbsp;of&nbsp;maternal&nbsp;and&nbsp;child&nbsp;health&nbsp;indicators&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;State&nbsp;of&nbsp;São Paulo.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hay&nbsp;una serie de intervenciones&nbsp;basadas&nbsp;en&nbsp;evidencias que&nbsp;pueden&nbsp;reducir&nbsp;la&nbsp;mortalidad&nbsp;infantil, entre&nbsp;ellas&nbsp;el&nbsp;cuidado durante&nbsp;la&nbsp;gestación. Este&nbsp;estudio&nbsp;se&nbsp;propuso&nbsp;verificar&nbsp;las&nbsp;variables&nbsp;que&nbsp;impactan&nbsp;en&nbsp;la&nbsp;ausencia&nbsp;de&nbsp;prenatal. Se trata de&nbsp;un&nbsp;estudio&nbsp;ecológico, analítico y retrospectivo,&nbsp;compuesto&nbsp;por todos&nbsp;los&nbsp;municipios&nbsp;del&nbsp;Estado de São Paulo,&nbsp;en&nbsp;el&nbsp;período de 1998 a 2008. Se&nbsp;verificó&nbsp;que&nbsp;el&nbsp;Producto&nbsp;Interno Bruto (PIB) per&nbsp;cápita&nbsp;(p &lt;0,0001)&nbsp;el&nbsp;número de habitantes de cada&nbsp;municipio&nbsp;(p &lt;0,05)&nbsp;interfirieron&nbsp;en&nbsp;la&nbsp;reducción&nbsp;de&nbsp;la&nbsp;ausencia&nbsp;de&nbsp;prenatal, o&nbsp;sea,&nbsp;el&nbsp;número de gestantes que no&nbsp;pasaron&nbsp;por consulta de&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;disminuyó,&nbsp;en&nbsp;la&nbsp;medida&nbsp;en&nbsp;que&nbsp;ocurrió&nbsp;aumento&nbsp;del&nbsp;PIB y&nbsp;el&nbsp;número de habitantes por&nbsp;municipio.&nbsp;Con&nbsp;respecto&nbsp;al modelo de&nbsp;atención, se&nbsp;verificó&nbsp;que&nbsp;la&nbsp;proporción&nbsp;de&nbsp;equipos&nbsp;de&nbsp;salud&nbsp;de&nbsp;la&nbsp;familia&nbsp;implantada&nbsp;influenció&nbsp;en&nbsp;la&nbsp;reducción&nbsp;de&nbsp;la&nbsp;ausencia&nbsp;de&nbsp;prenatal&nbsp;(p &lt;0,05).&nbsp;Las&nbsp;variables&nbsp;relacionadas&nbsp;con&nbsp;el&nbsp;contexto&nbsp;de vida y&nbsp;el&nbsp;perfil de&nbsp;los&nbsp;servicios&nbsp;de&nbsp;salud&nbsp;favorecieron&nbsp;la&nbsp;mejora&nbsp;de&nbsp;los&nbsp;indicadores de&nbsp;salud&nbsp;materno-infantil&nbsp;en&nbsp;el&nbsp;Estado de São Paulo.&nbsp;&nbsp;Há uma série de intervenções baseadas em evidências que podem reduzir a mortalidade infantil, dentre elas o cuidado durante a gestação. Esse estudo propôs verificar as variáveis que impactam na ausência de pré-natal. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, analítico e retrospectivo, composto por todos os municípios do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1998 a 2008.&nbsp;Verificou-se que o Produto Interno Bruto per capta (p&lt;0,0001) e o número de habitantes de cada município (p&lt;0,05)&nbsp; interferiram na redução da ausência de pré-natal ou seja, o número de gestantes que não passaram por nenhuma consulta de pré-natal diminuiu, conforme aumento do Produto Interno Bruto e do número de habitantes por município. Com relação ao modelo de atenção, verificou-se que a proporção de equipes de saúde da família implantada influenciou na redução da ausência de pré-natal (p&lt;0,05). Variáveis relacionadas ao contexto de vida, e do perfil dos serviços de saúde favoreceram a melhoria de indicadores de saúde materno-infantil, no Estado de São Paulo