Evaluación de la capacidad amortiguadora de ingredientes utilizados en la formulación de dietas para rumiantes

Evaluación de la capacidad amortiguadora de ingredientes utilizados en la formulación de dietas para rumiantes. Se recolectaron 22 muestras de diferentes ingredientes, que se clasificaron en: energéticos altos ( > 15 %) y bajos ( < 15 %) en proteína, forrajes, alimentos fermentados y aditivos, con el objetivo de evaluar su capacidad amortiguadora (CA). Se determinó la capacidad amortiguadora expresando los resultados en miliequivalentes de ácido clorhídrico requerido para producir un cambio en una unidad de pH de la muestra original de alimento. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con los reportados en otros estudios. La CA es alta en alimentos altos en proteína y leguminosas, intermedia en alimentos energéticos y fermentados, y baja en gramíneas

Digestibilidad in vitro, población de bacterias celulolíticas y totales del apéndice cecal, ciego y colon del conejo

Hernández SD, Cobos PMA. Téc Pecu Méx 2001,39(3)229-236. With the objective of comparing microbial activity in different sections of caecum and colon, pH, in vitro DM digestibility, total and cellulolytic bacterial concentrations were determinated. Ten New Zeland White rabbits with average age of 70 days were used. Samples were obtained from: 1) cecal appendix (CA), 2) thirteenth cecal segment (TCS), and 3) distal colon section (DCS). The pH of CA was highest (PHernández SD, Cobos PMA. Téc Pecu Méx 2001,39(3)229-236. Con el objetivo de comparar la actividad microbiana en diferentes secciones del ciego y colon, se determinó el pH, la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y la concentración de bacterias totales y celulolíticas. Se utilizaron 10 conejos de la raza Nueva Zelanda de 70 días de edad. Las muestras se obtuvieron del apéndice cecal (AC), de la treceava asa cecal (TAC), y de la porción distal del colon (PDC). El pH del AC fue superior (

RENDIMIENTO DE CORDEROS EN CRECIMIENTO ALIMENTADOS CON ENSILADOS DE POLLINAZA, CERDAZA Y UREA CON MELAZA DE CAÑA O UN SUBPRODUCTO DE PANADERÍA

Las excretas pecuarias están constituidas por fracciones de alimentos no digeridas y por otros nutrientes que se incorporan en el tubo digestivo de los animales. Su producción y acumulación es fuente de contaminación ambiental, pero también son una fuente valiosa de nitrógeno y minerales en la alimentación de rumiantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar dietas con ensilados de rastrojo de maíz, melaza de caña (MEL) y subproducto de panadería (SPP) como fuentes de carbohidratos hidrosolubles (C), mezclados con cerdaza fresca (CF), pollinaza deshidratada (PO) y urea agrícola (UR) como fuentes de nitrógeno (N), y su efecto en el crecimiento y las características de la canal de corderos. Los corderos recibieron durante 60 d dietas con 145 g PC kg-1 MS y 10 MJ EM kg-1 MS, más 400 g kg-1 (MS) de ensilado. Después, los corderos se sacrificaron para medir variables productivas y calidad de la canal. El consumo de MS (CMS) se analizó con medidas repetidas; para rendimiento, engrasamiento y morfometría se empleó el diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 3. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con la prueba Kruskal-Wallis. Las medias de cuadrados mínimos de CMS a los 60 d no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) entre tratamientos. Sin embargo, hubo efecto (p£0.05) de la fuente de N sobre ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) e interacción de NxC para ancho de pierna y grosor de grasa torácica. La fuente de C afectó (p£0.05) el rendimiento del perímetro de pierna, área de chuleta y profundidad de grasa subcutánea. La conformación de la canal fue inferior (p£0.05) para la combinación SPP con UR; con los otros tratamientos se obtuvieron grados de conformación de R a U. El tratamiento SPP con CF causó las mayores (p£0.05) coberturas de grasa externa, color de carne rosa claro y color de grasa crema. La conclusión es que los corderos alimentados con ensilado de CF y SPP tuvieron canales con mejor conformación y engrasamiento

Productive lambs performance and ruminal fermentation using cocoite (Gliricidia sepium), morera (Morus alba) and tulipan (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) meal as supplement

Para conocer el efecto de suplementación con harina de tres arbustivas forrajeras tropicales, en el comportamiento productivo y fermentación ruminal de corderos en crecimiento, se realizó un estudio durante 90 días, utilizando 30 corderos con encaste de Pelibuey y Black Belly (18,29 ± 1,56 kg PV), mantenidos en pastoreo continuo en estrella africana (Cynodon plestostachyus; 75,5% FDN y 6,1% PC) de 7:00 a.m. a 4:00 p.m, posteriormente los animales fueron alojados en corraletas individuales, proporcionándoles 200 g animal–¹ d–¹ de suplemento de acuerdo a los tratamientos (T) evaluados: T1 = sólo pastoreo (SP), T2 = T1+concentrado comercial (CC), T3 = T1+harina de cocoíte (Gliricidia sepium; HC), T4 = T1+harina de morera (Morus alba; HM) y T5 = T1+harina de tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; HT). Las variables registradas fueron: consumo de suplemento y pasto, ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), digestibilidad aparente de materia seca del suplemento y del pasto. En fluido ruminal se midió pH, concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles, nitrógeno amoniacal, bacterias totales y protozoarios. El CC y la HT presentaron el mejor (P < 0,05) consumo de suplemento (CC, 181,6ª; HC, 97,7^c; HM, 149,7^b; HT, 167,2ª^b g d–¹), de materia seca total (SP, 789,1^b; CC, 976,8ª; HT, 941,8ª g d–¹) y la mejor GDP (SP, 46,1^b; CC, 81,6ª; HT, 77,1ª; g d–¹). El CC propició la más alta (P < 0,05) digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (DAMS, 60,97ª); en contraste la más baja (P < 0,05) DAMS se presentó con el uso de HC (SP, 9,27ª^b; CC, 54,00ª; HC, 48,52C; HM, 50,47ª^b; HT, 50,54ª^b). En las variables ruminales, no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos para pH, nitrógeno amoniacal y AGV; solamente se registraron cambios (P < 0,05) en la concentración (1 × 10^8 mL–¹) de bacterias totales (SP, 45,0ª; HM, 1,1^b) y de protozoarios (SP, 20,73^b; CC, 96,01ª; 1 × 10^4 mL–¹). La harina de tulipán mostró una respuesta similar a la del CC. La menor respuesta se obtuvo con HC. Por lo anterior se recomienda HT como sustituto de CC para corderos en pastoreo en el trópico.249 - 256BimestralA study was carried out in order to determine the effect of a commercial feed and three different meals produced by tropical forage shrubs, on productive performance, digestibility and some rumen variables, when used as supplements for grazing lambs. Thirty crossbreed (Pelibuey X Black Belly) male lambs (18.29 ± 1.56 Kg BW), were used in a 90 d study. Animals were on continuous grazing of African star (Cynodon plestostachyus; (75.5% NDF, 6.1% CP) from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm. Alter grazing animals were housed in individual pens and fed (200 g animal–¹ d–¹) any of four supplements, according to treatment: T1 = grazing (G); T2 = T1 + commercial concentrate (CC); T3 = T1 + cocoite meal (Gliricidia sepium; CM); T4 = T1 + morera meal (Morus alba; MM), and T5 = T1 + tulipan meal (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; TM). Supplement and forage intake, dry matter digestibility and daily weight gain, were measured. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen concentration, total bacteria and protozoa were determined in rumen liquor. Differences in supplement intake (P < 0.05) (CC, 181.6ª; CM, 97.7^c; MM, 149.7^b; TM, 167.2ª^b g d–¹), dry matter intake (OG, 789.1^b; CC, 976.8ª; TM, 941.8ª g d–¹) and daily weight gain (OG, 46.1^b; CC, 81.6ª; TM, 77.1ª; g d–¹) were found. The highest (P < 0.05) percentage of dry matter digestibility (DMD) was found for CC (CC, 60.97ª). Forage DMD was the lowest for CM (OG, 49.27ª^b; CC, 54.00ª; CM, 48.52C; MM, 50.47ª^b; TM, 50.54ª^b). No differences (P > 0.05) were found for rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen and VFA concentration among treatments. Compared with OG treatment, supplementation with MM decreased (P < 0.05) total bacteria concentration (OG, 45.0ª vs MM, 1.1^b × 10^8 mL–¹) whilst CC increased protozoa concentration (OG, 20.73^b vs CC, 96.01ª × 10^4 mL–¹). Supplementation with TM showed similar results that those observed with CC. The lowest response was observed for CM and OG. It is concluded that TM can be used as a supplement instead of CC in the tropic for grazing lambs

Digestibility of black iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) fed with diets based on differents of insect and vegetable components

Se evaluó la digestibilidad de dietas con insectos y vegetales en crías de iguana negra (Ctenosaura pectinata) en cautiverio. Se utilizaron 60 crías alojadas en jaulas en grupos de cinco ejemplares. La temperatura dentro de las jaulas fluctúo de 22 a 35°C. Las dietas consistieron de la pupa de mosco (Notonecta unifasciata), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) y jitomate (Lycopersicum esculentum). Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos alimenticios en los cuales se cambió la proporción de mosco:vegetales: 1:4, 2:3, 3:2 y 4:1 (base húmeda). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar y se usó el procedimiento de selección de variables por etapas para obtener ecuaciones de predicción para la ganancia diaria de peso y el consumo de materia seca. El consumo reveló una respuesta cuadrática (P<0,05) mostrando un máximo con la proporción 3:1 (mosco: vegetal). Hubo diferencias (P<0,05) en el consumo de proteína cruda entre tratamientos incrementando en forma lineal con la proporción de insectos. No hubo cambios (P>0,05) en digestibilidad, conversión alimenticia y crecimiento de las iguanas. Se concluye que las crías de iguana negra (C. pectinata) hasta los siete meses de edad tienen la misma capacidad para digerir dietas a base de pupas de mosco Notonecta unifasciata y una combinación de alfalfa:jitomate.255 - 261BimestralDigestibility of insect and vegetable diets was evaluated with captive newborn black lizard (Ctenosaura pectinata). Sixty juvenile black lizards were kept in cages, in groups of five specimens. Temperature ranged from 22 to 35°C. Diets were elaborated with fly pupae (Notonecta unifasciata), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Four diet treatments were applied with variations in insect:vegetables ratio (wet matter) 1:4, 2:3, 3:2 and 4:1. A completely randomized design was applied and the data way analyzed hrongh stepwise procedure was used to obtain prediction equations for daily gain and dry matter intake. Intake showed a quadratic response (P<0.05) with a maximum ratio of 3:2 (insect:vegetal).There were differences (P<0.05) in protein intake among treatments increasing linearly as the proportion of insects augmented. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in digestibility, intake, feed conversion, or growth of the iguana. It is concluded that black lizards (C. pectinata) up to seven months have the same capability to digest diets based on fly pupae and a combination of alfalfa:tomato

EFECTO DEL SELENIO Y CROMO ORGÁNICOS Y Saccharomyces cerevisiae EN LA DEGRADACIÓN in situ DE LA DIETA, FERMENTACIÓN RUMINAL Y CRECIMIENTO DE BORREGOS

"El cromo (Cr) y el selenio (Se) son micro minerales esenciales para rumiantes, modifican elmetabolismo y su adición en las dietas puede afectar la degradación del alimento y lafermentación en rumen y, por tanto, la respuesta productiva de los animales.

Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND Clinical trials that have assessed the effect of revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease have routinely excluded those with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS We randomly assigned 777 patients with advanced kidney disease and moderate or severe ischemia on stress testing to be treated with an initial invasive strategy consisting of coronary angiography and revascularization (if appropriate) added to medical therapy or an initial conservative strategy consisting of medical therapy alone and angiography reserved for those in whom medical therapy had failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. A key secondary outcome was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, a primary outcome event had occurred in 123 patients in the invasive-strategy group and in 129 patients in the conservative-strategy group (estimated 3-year event rate, 36.4% vs. 36.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.29; P=0.95). Results for the key secondary outcome were similar (38.5% vs. 39.7%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.29). The invasive strategy was associated with a higher incidence of stroke than the conservative strategy (hazard ratio, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.52 to 9.32; P=0.004) and with a higher incidence of death or initiation of dialysis (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.11; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction

Health status after invasive or conservative care in coronary and advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA-CKD trial, the primary analysis showed no significant difference in the risk of death or myocardial infarction with initial angiography and revascularization plus guideline-based medical therapy (invasive strategy) as compared with guideline-based medical therapy alone (conservative strategy) in participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease (an estimated glomerular filtration rate of &lt;30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or receipt of dialysis). A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status. METHODS We assessed health status with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) before randomization and at 1.5, 3, and 6 months and every 6 months thereafter. The primary outcome of this analysis was the SAQ Summary score (ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating less frequent angina and better function and quality of life). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate the treatment effect with the invasive strategy. RESULTS Health status was assessed in 705 of 777 participants. Nearly half the participants (49%) had had no angina during the month before randomization. At 3 months, the estimated mean difference between the invasive-strategy group and the conservative-strategy group in the SAQ Summary score was 2.1 points (95% credible interval, 120.4 to 4.6), a result that favored the invasive strategy. The mean difference in score at 3 months was largest among participants with daily or weekly angina at baseline (10.1 points; 95% credible interval, 0.0 to 19.9), smaller among those with monthly angina at baseline (2.2 points; 95% credible interval, 122.0 to 6.2), and nearly absent among those without angina at baseline (0.6 points; 95% credible interval, 121.9 to 3.3). By 6 months, the between-group difference in the overall trial population was attenuated (0.5 points; 95% credible interval, 122.2 to 3.4). CONCLUSIONS Participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease did not have substantial or sustained benefits with regard to angina-related health status with an initially invasive strategy as compared with a conservative strategy

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline