Social and demographic factors associated with morbidities in young children in Egypt: A Bayesian geo-additive semi-parametric multinomial model.

Globally, the burden of mortality in children, especially in poor developing countries, is alarming and has precipitated concern and calls for concerted efforts in combating such health problems. Examples of diseases that contribute to this burden of mortality include diarrhoea, cough, fever, and the overlap between these illnesses, causing childhood morbidity and mortality. Methods: To gain insight into these health issues, we employed the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey Data of Egypt, which recorded details from 10,872 children under five. This data focused on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of household members. We applied a Bayesian multinomial model to assess the area-specific spatial effects and risk factors of co-morbidity of fever, diarrhoea and cough for children under the age of five. Results: The results showed that children under 20 months of age were more likely to have the three diseases (OR: 6.8; 95% CI: 4.6-10.2) than children between 20 and 40 months (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.38-3.3). In multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models, the children of mothers who were over 20 years of age were more likely to have only cough (OR: 1.2; 95% 2 CI: 0.9-1.5) and only fever (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.91-1.51) compared with their counterparts. Spatial results showed that the North-eastern region of Egypt has a higher incidence than most of other regions. Conclusions: This study showed geographic patterns of Egyptian governorates in the combined prevalence of morbidity among Egyptian children. It is obvious that the Nile Delta, Upper Egypt, and south-eastern Egypt have high rates of diseases and are more affected. Therefore, more attention is needed in these areas. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist

Widespread fear of dengue transmission but poor practices of dengue prevention : A study in the slums of Delhi, India

Background This study has been conducted to throw light on the knowledge and practices related to dengue fever among the poor population living in Delhi's slums. Materials A household survey was conducted in 2013 among 3,350 households. The households were stratified by a number of variables related to socio-economic status and health events such as hospitalisation. The data collection was completed through face-to-face interviews conducted with the help of 25 field investigators. Results About 8% of the households had at least one diagnosed dengue case. In comparison to the population surveyed, teenagers (15-19 years) and adults (30-34 years) were more affected whereas children under four years of age were underrepresented. Housewives are more affected by dengue (24%) compared to their share of the population surveyed (17%). Despite the fact that 77% of the respondents are worried about mosquitoes, only 43% of them monitor environment to avoid the presence of breeding sites. Conclusion One cannot exclude the possibility that though young children under the age of four years are exposed to the virus, either their cases were asymptomatic or family members infected during this period had potentially more serious symptoms leading to hospitalisation. This result could thus be explained by budget-related health choices made by this population which do not favour small children. Educational programs should target housewives to improve their impact, as they are the ones mostly responsible for water storage and cleanliness of the house and its neighbourhood. Even with a dengue experience and potentially an acute perception of the risk and its factors, a proper management of environmental conditions is lacking. This along with the fact that word-of-mouth is the main source of information quoted should be a message for municipality health workers to give door-to-door information on how to prevent breeding sites and dengue infection

Daily survival rates and dispersal of Aedes Aegypti females in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-06-28T11:17:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelMFreitas_ClaudiaCodeço_etal_IOC_2007.pdf: 312299 bytes, checksum: 94eddb87cc3d568944ba561623ad0137 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-06-28T11:25:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelMFreitas_ClaudiaCodeço_etal_IOC_2007.pdf: 312299 bytes, checksum: 94eddb87cc3d568944ba561623ad0137 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-28T11:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelMFreitas_ClaudiaCodeço_etal_IOC_2007.pdf: 312299 bytes, checksum: 94eddb87cc3d568944ba561623ad0137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Presidência. Programa de Computação Científica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Daily survival rates, life expectancy, dispersal, and parity are important components of vectorial capacity of Aedes aegypti. These parameters were estimated for mosquito populations from a slum and a suburban district in Rio de Janeiro, during the wet and dry seasons in 2005. In each mark-release-recapture experiment, three cohorts of dust-marked Ae. aegypti females were released. Recaptures were carried out daily in randomly selected houses, using backpack aspirators, adult traps, and sticky ovitraps. Recapture varied between 6.81% and 14.26%. Daily survival was estimated by fitting two alternative models: exponential and nonlinear models with correction for the removal of individuals. Slum area presented higher survival and parity rates (68.5%). Dispersal rates were higher in the suburban area, where a maximum dispersal of 363 m was observed. Results suggest intense risk of dengue epidemic, particularly in the urban area