1,270 research outputs found
Frequency-Domain Photon Migration in Turbid Media
An analytical model is presented for the propagation of diffuse photon density waves in turbid media. The frequency- and wavelength-dependence of photon density waves are measured using Frequency-domain Photon Migration (FDPM). Media optical properties, including absorption, transport, and fluorescence relaxation times are calculated from experimental results
Relevance of soft modes for order parameter fluctuations in the Two-Dimensional XY model
We analyse the spin wave approximation for the 2D-XY model, directly in
reciprocal space. In this limit the model is diagonal and the normal modes are
statistically independent. Despite this simplicity non-trivial critical
properties are observed and exploited. We confirm that the observed asymmetry
for the probability density function for order parameter fluctuations comes
from the divergence of the mode amplitudes across the Brillouin zone. We show
that the asymmetry is a many body effect despite the importance played by the
zone centre. The precise form of the function is dependent on the details of
the Gibbs measure, giving weight to the idea that an effective Gibbs measure
should exist in non-equilibrium systems, if a similar distribution is observed.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure
Non-Boltzmann behaviour in models of interacting neutrinos
We reconsider the question of the relative importance of single particle
effects and correlations in the solvable interacting neutrino models introduced
by Friedland and Lunardini and by Bell, Rawlinson and Sawyer. We show, by an
exact calculation, that the two particle correlations are not "small", and that
they dominate the time evolution in these models, in spite of indications to
the contrary from the rate of equilibration. This result holds even after the
model in generalized from the original 2 flavor case to flavors. The
failure of the Boltzmann single particle approximation in this model is
tentatively attributed to the simplicity of the model, in particular to the
assumption that all neutrinos in the initial state are in flavor eigenstates.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Temperature dependent fluctuations in the two-dimensional XY model
We present a detailed investigation of the probability density function (PDF)
of order parameter fluctuations in the finite two-dimensional XY (2dXY) model.
In the low temperature critical phase of this model, the PDF approaches a
universal non-Gaussian limit distribution in the limit T-->0. Our analysis
resolves the question of temperature dependence of the PDF in this regime, for
which conflicting results have been reported. We show analytically that a weak
temperature dependence results from the inclusion of multiple loop graphs in a
previously-derived graphical expansion. This is confirmed by numerical
simulations on two controlled approximations to the 2dXY model: the Harmonic
and ``Harmonic XY'' models. The Harmonic model has no
Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinskii (KTB) transition and the PDF becomes
progressively less skewed with increasing temperature until it closely
approximates a Gaussian function above T ~ 4\pi. Near to that temperature we
find some evidence of a phase transition, although our observations appear to
exclude a thermodynamic singularity.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures and 1 tabl
The role of particle, energy and momentum losses in 1D simulations of divertor detachment
A new 1D divertor plasma code, SD1D, has been used to examine the role of recombination, radiation, and momentum exchange in detachment. Neither momentum or power losses by themselves are found to be sufficient to produce a reduction in target ion flux in detachment (flux rollover); radiative power losses are required to a) limit and reduce the ionization source and b) access low-target temperature, T_target, conditions for volumetric momentum losses. Recombination is found to play little role at flux rollover, but as T_target drops to temperatures around 1eV, it becomes a strong ion sink. In the case where radiative losses are dominated by hydrogen, the detachment threshold is identified as a minimum gradient of the energy cost per ionisation with respect to T_target. This is also linked to thresholds in T_target and in the ratio of upstream pressure to power flux. A system of determining the detached condition is developed such that the divertor solution at a given T_target (or lack of one) is determined by the simultaneous solution of two equations for target ion current - one dependent on power losses and the other on momentum. Depending on the detailed momentum and power loss dependence on temperature there are regions of T_target where there is no solution and the plasma 'jumps' from high to low T_target states. The novel analysis methods developed here provide an intuitive way to understand complex detachment phenomena, and can potentially be used to predict how changes in the seeding impurity used or recycling aspects of the divertor can be utilised to modify the development of detachment
The role of particle, energy and momentum losses in 1D simulations of divertor detachment
A new 1D divertor plasma code, SD1D, has been used to examine the role of recombination, radiation, and momentum exchange in detachment. Neither momentum or power losses by themselves are found to be sufficient to produce a reduction in target ion flux in detachment (flux rollover); radiative power losses are required to a) limit and reduce the ionization source and b) access low-target temperature, T_target, conditions for volumetric momentum losses. Recombination is found to play little role at flux rollover, but as T_target drops to temperatures around 1eV, it becomes a strong ion sink. In the case where radiative losses are dominated by hydrogen, the detachment threshold is identified as a minimum gradient of the energy cost per ionisation with respect to T_target. This is also linked to thresholds in T_target and in the ratio of upstream pressure to power flux. A system of determining the detached condition is developed such that the divertor solution at a given T_target (or lack of one) is determined by the simultaneous solution of two equations for target ion current - one dependent on power losses and the other on momentum. Depending on the detailed momentum and power loss dependence on temperature there are regions of T_target where there is no solution and the plasma 'jumps' from high to low T_target states. The novel analysis methods developed here provide an intuitive way to understand complex detachment phenomena, and can potentially be used to predict how changes in the seeding impurity used or recycling aspects of the divertor can be utilised to modify the development of detachment
Airborne Radar Interferometric Repeat-Pass Processing
Earth science research often requires crustal deformation measurements at a variety of time scales, from seconds to decades. Although satellites have been used for repeat-track interferometric (RTI) synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) mapping for close to 20 years, RTI is much more difficult to implement from an airborne platform owing to the irregular trajectory of the aircraft compared with microwave imaging radar wavelengths. Two basic requirements for robust airborne repeat-pass radar interferometry include the ability to fly the platform to a desired trajectory within a narrow tube and the ability to have the radar beam pointed in a desired direction to a fraction of a beam width. Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) is equipped with a precision auto pilot developed by NASA Dryden that allows the platform, a Gulfstream III, to nominally fly within a 5 m diameter tube and with an electronically scanned antenna to position the radar beam to a fraction of a beam width based on INU (inertial navigation unit) attitude angle measurements
Ventilatory Responsiveness during Exercise and Performance Impairment in Acute Hypoxia
Introduction: An adequate increase in minute ventilation to defend arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) during hypoxic exercise is commonly viewed as an important factor contributing to large inter-individual variations in the degree of exercise performance impairment in hypoxia. Although the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) could provide insight into the underpinnings of such impairments, it is typically measured at rest under isocapnic conditions. Thus, we aimed to determine whether 1) HVR at rest and during exercise are similar and 2) exercise HVR is related to the degree of impairment in cycling time trial (TT) performance from normoxia to acute hypoxia (∆TT).
Methods: Sixteen endurance-trained men (V˙O2peak, 62.5 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed two poikilocapnic HVR tests: one during seated rest (HVRREST) and another during submaximal cycling (HVREX). On two separate visits, subjects (n = 12) performed a 10-km cycling TT while breathing either room air (FiO2 = 0.21) or hypoxic gas mixture (FiO2 = 0.16) in a randomized order.
Results: HVREX was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than HVRREST (1.52 ± 0.47 and 0.22 ± 0.13 L·min-1·%SpO2-1, respectively), and these measures were not correlated (r = -0.16, P = 0.57). ∆TT was not correlated with HVRREST (P = 0.70) or HVREX (P = 0.54), but differences in ventilation and end-tidal CO2 between hypoxic and normoxic TT and the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 during normoxic TT explained ~85% of the variance in performance impairment in acute hypoxia (P < 0.01).
Conclusion: We conclude that 1) HVR is not an appropriate measure to predict the exercise ventilatory response or performance impairments in acute hypoxia and 2) an adequate and metabolically matched increase in exercise ventilation, but not the gain in the ventilatory response to hypoxia, is essential for mitigating hypoxia-induced impairments in endurance cycling performance
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