Scatter-free pickup ions beyond the heliopause as a model for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) ribbon

We present new kinetic-gasdynamic model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium. The model incorporates several processes suggested by McComas et al. (2009) for the origin of the heliospheric ENA ribbon -- the most prominent feature seen in the all sky maps of heliospheric ENAs discovered by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). The ribbon is a region of enhanced fluxes of ENAs crossing almost the entire sky. Soon after the ribbon's discovery it was realized (McComas et al., 2009) that the enhancement of the fluxes could be in the directions where the radial component of the interstellar magnetic field around the heliopause is close to zero (Schwadron et al., 2009). Our model includes secondary charge exchange of the interstellar H atoms with the interstellar pickup protons outside the heliopause and is a further advancement of the kinetic-gasdynamic model by Malama et al. (2006) where pickup protons were treated as a separate kinetic component. Izmodenov et al. (2009) have shown in the frame of Malama's model that the interstellar pickup protons outside the heliopause maybe a significant source of ENAs at energies above 1 keV. The difference between the current work and that of Izmodenov et al. (2009) is in the assumption of no-scattering for newly created pickup protons outside the heliopause. In this limit the model produces a feature qualitatively similar to the ribbon observed by IBEX.Comment: submitted to ApJ

Fluorescence of the Polymethine Dye Tiks and Diagnostics af Cancert

It is shown that the fluorescence of the polymethine dye TIKS, whose absorption and fluorescence bands are located in the spectral region of transmission of biological tissues, can be recorded from a depth of up to 1.5 cm of an animal’s body. The intensity of the fluorescence recorded from the surface of the animal’s body in intravenous injection of the dye (1–2 mg/kg) is in direct proportion to its concentration in tumor nodes and muscles. In rapidly growing tumors, a high (up to 3.6) degree of contrast of the content of the dye is attained in tumor tissues as compared to the surrounding normal tissues. Over the course of 7 days after the injection, the dye is practically completely removed from both the tumor and normal muscular tissues. From the change in the fluorescence intensity in scanning the surface one can determine the regions of localization of tumor nodes against the background of the surrounding normal tissues and the presence of regions with a nonuniform distribution of the dye

Новые данные о трансформации стока воды и наносов в дельте реки Лены по итогам экспедиционных измерений в августе 2022 г.

Field hydrological measurements were performed in the Lena River delta from the 10th to the 16th of August 2022. 25 values of water discharge and 58 suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) were measured, multiple chemical composition water samples were taken, along with samples of bottom and bank river sediments, and thermal abrasion coasts were highlighted. Particle size and chemical composition analyses of the sediment samples were carried out. The aim of the study was to estimate the water flow distribution in the delta and to determine the directional SSC, sediment particle size and chemical composition changes along the delta and inside the depth of the river flow, and define the roles of the local hydrological and morphological factors of river flow transformation. Moreover, field measurements are crucial for SSC estimation and monitoring based on satellite image data. The laboratory analyses included particle size definition in suspended and bottom sediment samples, organic matter and SSC definition. The August 2022 expedition results were compared to the previous surveys. It was established that the flow distribution around the Stolb island corresponds with that of 2016: the Bykovsky, Trophimovsky, Tumatsky and Oleneksky branches receive 24.9–25.5, 58–59.2, 6 and 6.6 % of the water discharge from the Kusur gauging station on the Lena River, respectively. However, the role of the Main channel was slightly overestimated. The new data includes water discharges in the branches around the Samoilovsky island and in the channel systems of the Oleneksky and Tumatsky branches. SSC was relatively low and amounted to around 12–24 mg/l, rising from the water surface to the bottom 1.2–2 times. SSC decreased along the course of the Oleneksky and Tumatsky branches (1.5 and 1.1 times, respectively) due to the ratio between SSC and the potential stream transport capacity. SSC rose along the course of the Bykovsky branch, even though it wasn’t shown by the Landsat-8 satellite image (16th of August 2022). A significant sediment source in the delta are eroded and thermo eroded shores of the edoma island systems. The average sediment size proved to be from 0.011 to 0.019 mm. SSC does not vary much around the main channel and the nearest branches. Important relations between SSC, optical turbidity and ADCP backscatter intensity were estimated. The coarse diameter of 30 bottom sediment samples was 0.46 mm. The largest sediments were discovered in the Bykovsky branch, while the smallest sediments were found in the smaller transverse branches. Along the Tumatsky and Oleneksky branches the bottom sediments alternate from fine to medium sands.Статья содержит важные итоги полевых и комплексных гидрологических исследований, проводившихся в дельте р. Лены с 10 по 16 августа 2022 г. Были измерены 25 расходов воды и концентрации взвесей вбречных водах, отобраны пробы воды, образцы донного и берегового грунтов на гранулометрический и химический состав, отмечены размываемые берега. Целью исследований было изучение распределениябстока воды и наносов Лены между дельтовыми рукавами, изменений мутности воды, гранулометрического и химического состава наносов от вершины к морскому краю дельты, по глубине и ширине потока, роли в них местных гидролого-морфологических и термоабразионных процессов. Полученные натурные данные необходимы для познания особенностей современного рассредоточения стока воды и наносов в огромной и многорукавной дельте Лены, его изменений с момента последних стационарных и экспедиционных измерений, для дешифрирования спутниковых снимков, разработки инструментария для пересчета поверхностных измерений в осредненные по сечению потока

Случай первично множественного синхронного радиоиндуцированного рака в клинической практике

There is an increase in the number of patients with secondary malignant neoplasms. In addition, in some subgroups after radical cancer treatment, the lifetime risk of developing secondary malignant neoplasms can be as high as 33 %. Secondary malignancies remain an important cause of death in patients who have received radical cancer treatment. The presented clinical case demonstrates the risk of developing primary multiple malignant neoplasms after radiation therapy and chemotherapy. A 39-year-old patient with diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma underwent definitive treatment including chemo-and radiotherapy. Ten years later, the patient developed the induced multiple malignant tumors: a malignant neoplasm of the heart — myofibrosarcoma of the right ventricle with invasion of the anterior wall of the right ventricle Stage IIIB G2T3N0M0, left breast cancer Stage IIIA T3N2M0. The choice of treatment tactics for this category of patients remains particularly difficult.В структуре заболеваемости наблюдается рост числа пациентов с вторичными злокачественными новообразованиями. Кроме того, в отдельных подгруппах после радикального лечения рака пожизненный риск развития вторичных злокачественных новообразований может достигать 33 %. Вторичные злокачественные новообразования остаются важной причиной смерти пациентов, получивших радикальное лечение по поводу рака. Представленный клинический случай демонстрирует развитие первично-множественных злокачественных новообразований после лучевой терапии и химиотерапии. Пациентка в 39 лет по поводу диффузной крупноклеточной В-клеточной неходжскинской лимфомы прошла радикальный курс лечения. Через 10 лет у пациентки были выявлены радиоиндуцированные первично множественные опухоли: злокачественная миофибросаркома правого желудочка сердца IIIB стадии — G2T3N0M0, рак левой молочной железы IIIA стадии — T3N2M0. Определение тактики лечения для данной категории больных остается особенно сложным

Клинический случай лечения метастатического почечноклеточного рака комбинацией ниволумаба с кабозантинибом в рутинной клинической практике

According to GLOBOCAN, there were about 18 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths from malignancies worldwide in 2018. Renal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor characterized by the loss of the VHL gene, which leads to increased angiogenesis. The potential of immuno-oncology and anti-angiogenic drugs has significantly improved outcomes for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The phase III CheckMate 9ER study compared the efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The advantages of nivolumab plus cabozantinib over sunitinib in terms of progression-free survival, overall survival, and objective response rate were generally similar across subgroups based on IMDC risk, PD-L1 expression, and the presence or absence of bone metastases. We present a case report of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The patient has been on cabozantinib plus nivolumab therapy for 12 months, with a partial response achieved. Treatment was well tolerated; the profile of adverse events was consistent with that in the clinical study.По данным GLOBOCAN, в 2018 году зарегистрировано около 18 миллионов новых случаев рака и 9,6 миллионов смертей от злокачественных новообразований во всем мире. Почечно-клеточный рак представляет собой опухоль, характеризующуюяся потерей гена VHL, и эта потеря приводит к усилению ангиогенеза. Возможности применения иммуноонкологических и антиангиогенных препаратов значительно улучшили результаты лечения пациентов с метастатическим почечно-клеточный раком. Исследование III фазы CheckMate 9ER посвящено сравнению эффективности и безопасности комбинации ниволумаба с кабозантинибом и сунитиниба в терапии первой линии пациентов со светлоклеточным метастатическим почечно-клеточным раком. Преимущества комбинации ниволумаба и кабозантиниба в сравнении с сунитинибом в отношении отсутствия прогрессирования, общей выживаемости и частоты объективных ответов в целом были одинаковыми в подгруппах, включая группу риска по IMDC, экспрессию опухолевого PD-L1 и наличие или отсутствие метастатического поражения костной ткани. Приведено клиническое наблюдение лечения пациента с метастатическим почечно-клеточным раком. В настоящее время пациенту на протяжении 12 месяцев продолжается терапия кабозантинибом и ниволумабом, сохраняется частичный ответ. Переносимость терапии удовлетворительная, спектр нежелательных явлений соответствует таковому в клиническом исследовании

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”

Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-Atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region

The northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The Arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via albedo change, carbon sources and sinks as well as atmospheric aerosol production from biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that global trade activities, demographic movement, and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but also is able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX sets a research approach by which large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land-Atmosphere-Aquatic-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art for the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and present the future prospects of the research, which we see relevant in this context

Ecological assessment of the Selenga River basin, the main tributary of Lake Baikal, using aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators

The Selenga River is the main tributary of Lake Baikal (Siberian, Russia). In 2015/2016, the water quality at previously identified contaminated hotspot regions in the lower Selenga River basin was evaluated using resident aquatic macroinvertebrate communities as bioindicators. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities within the Selenga River were found to be relatively sensitive to water pollution as was highlighted by three evaluated biotic indices:Average Score per Taxon (ASPT); Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera density index (EPT); and Trent Biological Index (TBI). The human impact on the Selenga River basin water quality was evident due to the significant decrease of the biotic indices at several sample locations including downstream of the wastewater discharge point of Ulan-Ude city, in the Dzhida River downstream of the confluence of the Modonkul River, and especially in the Modonkul River near to the mining operations at Zakamensk. At the same time, our study revealed a high self-regeneration ability of the aquatic ecosystem throughout the basin; with resident benthic macroinvertebrate communities appearing to recover in both the Selenga River and the Dzhida River within two to five km downstream of the contamination source. The changes in the benthic communities at the Selenga delta sampling sites were shown to occur under the influence of natural factors such as hydrological conditions and benthic sediment type, which significantly changed from the upper to the lower regions of the delta. For the Selenga delta, a typology of benthic macroinvertebrate communities including a map of their spatial distribution is presented