Les étapes d’une expérience en économie expérimentale

This document applies to anybody who wants to understand what is Experimental Economics and the benefits that can profit from this approach for empirical works which validity and scope can be evaluated in a scientific work. In a pragmatic way are described in this document the different steps to be followed methodologically to set out an experiment. Our goal is to give our readers a broad view of an experimental process in economics. Further to the logistics aspects and data collection, this guide also tackles the tools used to work with data and the methodological referees that allow analysing the first results. It also reviews various animation support of the experimentalist community in France

Hox Paralog Group 2 Genes Control the Migration of Mouse Pontine Neurons through Slit-Robo Signaling

The pontine neurons (PN) represent a major source of mossy fiber projections to the cerebellum. During mouse hindbrain development, PN migrate tangentially and sequentially along both the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Unlike DV migration, which is controlled by the Netrin-1/Dcc attractive pathway, little is known about the molecular mechanisms guiding PN migration along the AP axis. Here, we show that Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 are required both intrinsically and extrinsically to maintain normal AP migration of subsets of PN, by preventing their premature ventral attraction towards the midline. Moreover, the migration defects observed in Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 mutant mice were phenocopied in compound Robo1;Robo2, Slit1;Slit2, and Robo2;Slit2 knockout animals, indicating that these guidance molecules act downstream of Hox genes to control PN migration. Indeed, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we further demonstrated that Robo2 is a direct target of Hoxa2 in vivo and that maintenance of high Robo and Slit expression levels was impaired in Hoxa2 mutant mice. Lastly, the analysis of Phox2b-deficient mice indicated that the facial motor nucleus is a major Slit signaling source required to prevent premature ventral migration of PN. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular control of neuronal migration from transcription factor to regulation of guidance receptor and ligand expression. Specifically, they address the question of how exposure to multiple guidance cues along the AP and DV axes is regulated at the transcriptional level and in turn translated into stereotyped migratory responses during tangential migration of neurons in the developing mammalian brain

Overview of the current use of levosimendan in France: a prospective observational cohort study

Abstract Background Following the results of randomized controlled trials on levosimendan, French health authorities requested an update of the current use and side-effects of this medication on a national scale. Method The France-LEVO registry was a prospective observational cohort study reflecting the indications, dosing regimens, and side-effects of levosimendan, as well as patient outcomes over a year. Results The patients included ( n = 602) represented 29.6% of the national yearly use of levosimendan in France. They were treated for cardiogenic shock ( n = 250, 41.5%), decompensated heart failure ( n = 127, 21.1%), cardiac surgery-related low cardiac output prophylaxis and/or treatment ( n = 86, 14.3%), and weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( n = 82, 13.6%). They received 0.18 ± 0.07 µg/kg/min levosimendan over 26 ± 8 h. An initial bolus was administered in 45 patients (7.5%), 103 (17.1%) received repeated infusions, and 461 (76.6%) received inotropes and or vasoactive agents concomitantly. Hypotension was reported in 218 patients (36.2%), atrial fibrillation in 85 (14.1%), and serious adverse events in 17 (2.8%). 136 patients (22.6%) died in hospital, and 26 (4.3%) during the 90-day follow-up. Conclusions We observed that levosimendan was used in accordance with recent recommendations by French physicians. Hypotension and atrial fibrillation remained the most frequent side-effects, while serious adverse event potentially attributable to levosimendan were infrequent. The results suggest that this medication was safe and potentially associated with some benefit in the population studied

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Résultats des exploitations ovines en France. Un constat à partir du RICA

The decrease of mutton production in France and the difficulties of breeders during a few last years make necessary the analysis of sheep farms economic situation.La baisse de la production de viande ovine en France et les difficultés des éleveurs au cours des dernières années rendent nécessaire l'analyse de la situation économique des exploitations ayant un élevage ovin pour la viande.Causeret François, Chaalali A. Résultats des exploitations ovines en France. Un constat à partir du RICA. In: Économie rurale. N°198, 1990. p. 15

Les étapes d’une expérience en économie expérimentale

National audienceThis document applies to anybody who wants to understand what is Experimental Economics and thebenefits that can profit from this approach for empirical works which validity and scope can be evaluated in ascientific work. In a pragmatic way are described in this document the different steps to be followedmethodologically to set out an experiment. Our goal is to give our readers a broad view of an experimentalprocess in economics. Further to the logistics aspects and data collection, this guide also tackles the tools usedto work with data and the methodological referees that allow analysing the first results. It also reviews variousanimation support of the experimentalist community in France

Viticulture en Languedoc-Roussillon : une capacité d'offre hétérogène, répartie en grands ensembles spatialement et typologiquement homogènes

National audienceBasée sur des instruments dérivés de l'IA (intelligence artificielle), une typologie des exploitations viticoles des quatre départements du Languedoc-Roussillon conduit à identifier 21 types différents, traduisant une forte hétérogénéité des structures de l'offre viticole dans cette région. Cependant, l'étude de la distribution des types au niveau des 132 cantons qui composent la région permet d'observer une homogénéité locale forte conduisant à résumer les dynamiques de production en seulement sept grands ensembles

Evolution des exploitations viticoles en Languedoc-Roussillon : 1988-1995

National audienceEn s'appuyant sur un cadre typologique construit "à dires d'experts", les auteurs présentent les résultats obtenus de la mobilisation des informations relatives aux exploitations viticoles recensées au RGA de 1988, des informations relatives aux exploitations représentées par l'enquête Structure de 1995 et d'un appariement de ces deux sources. Ils en tirent trois constats : une mortalité élevée des exploitations viticoles ; une permanence d'une population viticole suivant des stratégies de décapitalisation ; une homogénéisation régionale et re-départementalisation des problèmes viticoles

Les étapes d’une expérience en économie expérimentale

National audienceThis document applies to anybody who wants to understand what is Experimental Economics and thebenefits that can profit from this approach for empirical works which validity and scope can be evaluated in ascientific work. In a pragmatic way are described in this document the different steps to be followedmethodologically to set out an experiment. Our goal is to give our readers a broad view of an experimentalprocess in economics. Further to the logistics aspects and data collection, this guide also tackles the tools usedto work with data and the methodological referees that allow analysing the first results. It also reviews variousanimation support of the experimentalist community in France

The steps of an experiment in experimental economics

National audienceThis document applies to anybody who wants to understand what is Experimental Economics and the benefits that can profit from this approach for empirical works which validity and scope can be evaluated in a scientific work. In a pragmatic way are described in this document the different steps to be followed methodologically to set out an experiment. Our goal is to give our readers a broad view of an experimental process in economics. Further to the logistics aspects and data collection, this guide also tackles the tools used to work with data and the methodological referees that allow analysing the first results. It also reviews various animation support of the experimentalist community in France