Policy Solutions to Realize the Right to Food of Children in Colombia: An Integrative Approach

openThe traditional analysis of hunger focuses on food supply. Nonetheless, several scholars and human rights practitioners prove this analysis defective. However, many public policies at the national and local level are still based on a reductionist food supply and food security approach. By means of a literature review, a review of the legal framework on the right to food as well as a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts, this thesis examines the public policy obstacles to overcome early malnutrition and the features that such public policies need to be effective. The main findings are that obstacles in realizing the right to food are linked to outsourcing states’ obligations towards the right to food, corruption derived from outsourcing aid, centralization of food supplies, pricing, and decision-making. Results also indicate links between these obstacles and the food-security-centered approach to public policy that tends to understand the resolution of hunger as charity rather than a legal obligation of states under international human rights law. By the same token, the thesis highlights how policies can be effective as long as they are based on an understanding of food as a process and the right to food as the entitlement to that process. That is, beyond food security, which concerns household/individual supply, the right to food entails the dignified conditions for the groups that produce, transform and exchange food. Finally, the thesis proves that the model ‘Food Process and Standards of Social Realization of the Right to Food’ is a useful tool in developing policy guidelines to: (i) uphold the rights of individuals, homes, communities, and ensure the country to sustainably procure adequate food and decide the system to do so; and (ii) redress the elements of the food process that are infringed by each of the obstacles identified.The traditional analysis of hunger focuses on food supply. Nonetheless, several scholars and human rights practitioners prove this analysis defective. However, many public policies at the national and local level are still based on a reductionist food supply and food security approach. By means of a literature review, a review of the legal framework on the right to food as well as a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts, this thesis examines the public policy obstacles to overcome early malnutrition and the features that such public policies need to be effective. The main findings are that obstacles in realizing the right to food are linked to outsourcing states’ obligations towards the right to food, corruption derived from outsourcing aid, centralization of food supplies, pricing, and decision-making. Results also indicate links between these obstacles and the food-security-centered approach to public policy that tends to understand the resolution of hunger as charity rather than a legal obligation of states under international human rights law. By the same token, the thesis highlights how policies can be effective as long as they are based on an understanding of food as a process and the right to food as the entitlement to that process. That is, beyond food security, which concerns household/individual supply, the right to food entails the dignified conditions for the groups that produce, transform and exchange food. Finally, the thesis proves that the model ‘Food Process and Standards of Social Realization of the Right to Food’ is a useful tool in developing policy guidelines to: (i) uphold the rights of individuals, homes, communities, and ensure the country to sustainably procure adequate food and decide the system to do so; and (ii) redress the elements of the food process that are infringed by each of the obstacles identified

The Skin We Live in:Pigmentation Traits and Tanning Behaviour in British Young Adults, an Observational and Genetically-Informed Study

Skin cancer incidence has been increasing worldwide, representing a particularly high burden for populations of European ancestry. Outdoor and indoor tanning using ultraviolet (UV) radiation devices are major risk factors for skin cancer. While tanning behaviours can be modified by targeted interventions to reduce skin cancer rates, there is insufficient evidence on the motivations for tanning preferences and their relationship with pigmentation phenotypes. The present observational and genetically-informed study investigates motives for tanning and the role that pigmentation phenotypes play on outdoor and indoor tanning behaviour in British young adults. This study included 3722 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in South West England, with data on pigmentation features, tanning ability and preferences, and SNP genotypes. Liking to tan and outdoor tanning were strongly influenced by pigmentary traits and tanning ability. However, the association of these phenotypes with UV indoor tanning was weaker. Our results provide evidence to support the implementation of skin cancer preventative interventions that consider individual biological characteristics and motives for undergoing outdoor and indoor tanning

Diversifying Nuclear Technology: A Technical Analysis on Small Modular Reactors and Its Impact on Nuclear Energy Policy

The energy policy debate in the United States has revolved around the diversification of energy sources while promoting advantageous economic profits. One drive for this has been the discussion of anthropogenic, environmental endangerment concerns (Vlassopoulous 2011, 104). However, despite the environmental concerns, the U.S. has for some time only relied on one type of energy source—fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are categorized as natural gas, coal, petroleum, and other gases responsible (U.S. Energy Administration 2019). Natural gas is responsible for 38.4%, coal for 23.4%, petroleum for 0.4%, and other gases for 0.3% of the U.S.’s electrical generation (U.S. Energy Administration 2019). Although, many solutions specifically those proposing renewable energy have been proposed, an energy source that has remained stagnant in technological development is nuclear energy (Vegel and Quinn 2017, 395). Nuclear energy currently accounts for 19.6% of the electrical generation in the US, and efforts of decarbonization and diversification would be greatly aided by nuclear energy development (Lester 2016, 45). Nuclear energy is the only source of energy that does not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere: Averages of carbon dioxide emissions for oil, coal and gas during their total life cycle are 778, 960, and 443 gCO2e/kWh respectively (Sovacool 2008, 2956-2960). A nuclear power plant emits 66 gCO2e/kWh on average during its life cycle, mainly because its reliant on fossil fuels for different stages of plant construction and processes like the mining and enrichment of uranium (Sovacool 2008, 2956-2960)

Understanding intrinsic hematopoietic stem cell aging

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) sustain blood production over the entire life-span of an organism. It is of extreme importance that these cells maintain self-renewal and differentiation potential over time in order to preserve homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. Many of the intrinsic aspects of HSC are affected by the aging process resulting in a deterioration in their potential, independently of their microenvironment. Here we review recent findings characterizing most of the intrinsic aspects of aged HSC, ranging from phenotypic to molecular alterations. Historically, DNA damage was thought to be the main cause of HSC aging. However, over recent years, many new findings have defined an increasing number of biological processes that intrinsically change with age in HSC. Epigenetics and chromatin architecture, together with autophagy, proteostasis and metabolic changes, and how they are interconnected, are acquiring growing importance for understanding the intrinsic aging of stem cells. Given the increase in populations of older subjects worldwide, and considering that aging is the primary risk factor for most diseases, understanding HSC aging becomes particularly relevant also in the context of hematologic disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Research on intrinsic mechanisms responsible for HSC aging is providing, and will continue to provide, new potential molecular targets to possibly ameliorate or delay aging of the hematopoietic system and consequently improve the outcome of hematologic disorders in the elderly. The niche-dependent contributions to hematopoietic aging are discussed in another review in this same issue of the Journal

La Mujer Rural como agente de desarrollo familiar y comunitario: El caso de las comunidades de San Caralampio (La Concepción) y el Castillo (San Juan de Oriente), departamento de Masaya

La población de Nicaragua supera los 6.5 millones de habitantes, de los cuales aproximadamente la mitad se consideran rural, CENAGRO (2011). Esta población rural se caracteriza por realizar actividades productiva en sectores vinculados con lo agropecuario, forestal, pesca, minería y pequeñas agroindustrias rurales, encontrándose también la existencia de actividades no agrícolas como pequeñas pulperías o pequeños negocios que se establecen en los territorios rurales, como otras fuentes de ingresos para las familias. Las familias del sector rural, presentan gran relevancia para la economía del país, debido a que con su trabajo garantizan la producción de los granos básicos que constituyen el alimento diario de los nicaragüenses, así también aquellos miembros de familias campesina que no se dedican meramente al sector primario, pero que con su trabajo en el sector no agrícola contribuyen al crecimiento del PIB y con ello al desarrollo económico de su comunidad. En el desarrollo de las actividades productivas en el sector rural, la mujer siempre ha jugado un papel importante. En la mayoría de los casos ha sido aporte invisibilizado y no contabilizado, pero sensible para la reproducción y sostenimiento de las familias rurales (FAO, 2009). A través del tiempo el papel desempeñado por las mujeres en el hogar rural y en la dinámica productiva de los territorios ha cambiado, pasando de ser un rol meramente reproductivo y de cuido del hogar, a tomar parte en las actividades agrícolas, de comercialización, así como en los procesos de toma de decisiones que se realizan tanto en el hogar como en la comunidad. Si bien se ha planteado y se puede percibir que el papel de la mujer rural como individuo ha sufrido modificaciones puesto que se le ha multiplicado las actividades a las que se dedicaba, se hace necesario evidenciarlo de una manera clara, determinando esos cambios, sus tendencias y su incidencia tanto a nivel de la familia como de la comunidad. Para conocer esos cambios, en este trabajo se analizó la participación de la mujer rural como un agente de desarrollo socioeconómico familiar y comunitario, y cuáles son los papeles que han surgido y asumido las mujeres durante el proceso de transformación en la asignación de actividades productivas. Cabe señalar que a lo largo del documento se estará haciendo uso de los términos rol y papel como sinónimos con el fin de no cansar a los lectores con la cacofonía de la palabra “papel”. “De acuerdo al diccionario panhispánico de dudas es preferible utilizar las palabras papel o función que rol ya que tienen la misma función” (FUNDEU GUZMAN ARIZA, 2011). Por lo que el término rol proviene de la etimología francés rôle que significa “parte jugada por una persona en la vida” (HARPER, 2001). Para alcanzar los propósitos del estudio, se desarrollaron varios aspectos que son planteados como capítulos, el primero de ellos presenta la contextualización y alcance del problema de estudio. El segundo capítulo abordará la parte teórica relacionada al tema de investigación, conceptualizaciones, postulados e investigaciones vinculados al objeto de estudio, también se planteará el diseño metodológico del trabajo investigativo. En el tercer capítulo está destinado a presentar las generalidades de los lugares que sirvieron de caso de estudios, en el cuarto capítulo se enfocará a identificar los roles tradicionales de la mujer rural, es decir en esta parte del trabajo se realizará un contraste del papel que juega la mujer rural antes de la transformación y los factores que han incidido. El quinto capítulo estará dirigido a destacar cuales han sido las instituciones y programas que han colaborado con este cambio en el papel de la mujer rural y de qué manera han contribuido con esto. El sexto capítulo estará diseñado para determinar cuáles son los nuevos roles adquiridos por la mujer rural, sus aportaciones y contribuciones al desarrollo socioeconómico familiar y comunitario. Y por último se abordarán las conclusiones en un séptimo capítulo siendo este la fase final de este trabajo investigativo donde estarán remarcados los resultados obtenidos del estudio de los casos en las comunidades El castillo y San Caralampio

PLM as a strategy for project structuring and coordination

Successful Project Management (PM) comes from the combination of skills, knowledge, tools and techniques to strategically plan, execute and control projects with a variety of requirements and constrains -- In recent years, there has been an increased interest in implementation methodologies that not only allows successful PM, but integrates Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Business Process Modelling (BPM) and Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR) in order to achieve efficient planning and execution under low margin profits and strict time constrains demanded by clients -- In this paper, an integrated approach for product design and development in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) that requires PM and information integration is presented -- As a result, an implementation methodology in the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is proposed -- This methodology is applied to support the design and construction of waste treatment plants and includes a novel PLM implementation strategy that considers mechanisms that offer high potential for developing countries -- The design of the proposed approach is presented including how engineering processes were identified, analyzed and improved through BPM and PLM; the approach emphasizes in the standardization of process management guided by PLM tools through workflows -- This aims to impact coordination and efficiency in the company’s NPD processLa gestión exitosa de proyectos (PM) comprende desde la combinación de habilidades, conocimientos, herramientas y técnicas hasta la planeación, ejecución y control estratégico de proyectos con gran variedad de requisitos y restricciones -- En años recientes, ha habido un interés en metodologías de implementación que no solo permitan PM, sino que integren la gestión del ciclo-de-vida del producto (PLM), la reingeniería y la modelación de procesos de negocios (BPM), para lograr una planeación y ejecución eficiente bajo estrictos márgenes de rentabilidad y tiempo -- Este artículo presenta una propuesta para el diseño y desarrollo de productos en pequeñas y medianas empresas que requieran PM e integración de información -- Como resultado se propone una metodología de implementación para la industria de la arquitectura, ingeniería y construcción, e incluye una estrategia de implementación PLM que considera mecanismos que ofrecen alto potencial para países en desarrollo -- La propuesta muestra cómo se identificaron, analizaron y mejoraron los procesos de ingeniería a través de BPM y PLM; esta enfatiza en la estandarización de la gestión de procesos asistida por herramientas PLM a través de flujos de trabajo -- Con esto se pretende impactar la coordinación y eficiencia en el proceso de desarrollo de nuevos productos de la compañí

The Poverty Implications of Alternative Tax Reforms: Some Countries Intuitive Results In An Application To Pakistan

This paper presents results from four simulations of the impact of potential tax reforms in Pakistan on poverty, shared prosperity, and inequality. The simulations are carried out in the context of a dynamic computational general equilibrium (CGE) model that incorporates endogenous evasion of the corporate income tax. The simulations are: a forward looking benchmark case, an increase in the corporate income tax from 35 to 45 percent, a rise in the General Sales Tax (GST) from 16 to 17 percent, and an increase in the tariff rate from 14 percent to 19 percent. The simulations link the CGE model to household survey data that is incorporated in a micro simulation model. This “top down” approach permits a disaggregated estimation of the poverty implications of alternative tax and tariff policies. The results indicate, counterintuitively, that the increase in the sales tax leads to milder average increases in poverty than an equal-yield corporate income tax, because the fall in capital investment resulting from the corporate tax increase lowers the marginal product of labor. The simulated tariff increase raises poverty slightly more than the sales tax increase and slightly less than the corporate tax increase. The difference in simulated poverty impacts is small, as the average headcount rate increases by half a percentage point more under the corporate income tax than the sales tax, confirming the limits of indirect taxation as a tool for redistributing income

Hyperlocal weather parameter sensing with mmWave signals

The evolution of mobile communication technologies to achieve higher throughputs has led to the use of higher frequency bands. 5G technologies are working on the mmWave spectrum, which are frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, and it is expected that 6G would use even higher frequencies. The wavelength of the signals in these bands are like those used in radars, giving the possibility to use the wave for other things be-sides transmitting information. Network sensing is one of the use cases that can be exploited from the mmWave. Signal loss under different weather conditions has been studied and modeled for over 20 years. Based on these models, this thesis develops a deep learning LSTM model that accurately detects precipitation from a mmWave backhaul link

Expediente Civil N° 01021-2013-0-1308-Jp- Ci-04

El presente trabajo está orientado a realizar un análisis minucioso del Expediente Civil N° 01021-2013-0-1308-JP-CI-04, proceso que versa sobre otorgamiento de escritura pública, tramitado en el 2° Juzgado Civil de Huaura – Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima, en la vía de proceso sumarísimo, el cual inició con la demanda interpuesta por la sociedad conyugal conformada por el señor Emidgio Sixto Nicho Canales y la señora Cruz Lilian Pérez de Nicho, contra la sucesión intestada del señor Carlos Mario Paz Cárdenas conformada por el señor Javier Fernando Paz Carvallo, el señor Cesar Augusto Paz Carvallo, la señora María Elena Paz Carvallo y la señora Magdalena Esperanza Carvallo Gautier de Paz. Es así que, tras la postulación del proceso y la actuación de pruebas, se dictó sentencia de primera instancia que resolvió declarar fundada la demanda y en consecuencia ordenó que los demandados suscriban la respectiva escritura pública a favor de los demandados, de acuerdo a los términos del contrato de compra venta celebrado con el señor Carlos Mario Paz Cárdenas y su esposa doña Magdalena Carvallo Gautier de Paz con fecha 04 de febrero del 2000. Estando ello, la parte demandada interpone recurso de apelación contra la resolución antes citada, la cual fue concedida por la Sala Civil de Huaura, que resolvió revocar dicha resolución y reformulándola se declaró improcedente la demanda, motivo por el cual, la parte demandante interpuso recurso de casación que fue resuelto por la Sala Civil y Permanente de la Corte Suprema, que resolvió declarar fundado el recurso y casaron la sentencia de vista, declarando fundada la sentencia de primera instancia.The present work is oriented to make a thorough analysis of the Civil File N ° 01021-2013-0-1308-JP-CI-04, process that deals with the granting of public deed, processed in the 2nd Civil Court of Huaura - Superior Court of Justice of Lima, in the way of summary proceedings, which began with the lawsuit filed by the conjugal society formed by Mr. Emidio Sixto Nicho Canales and Mrs. Cruz Lilian Pérez de Nicho, against the intestate succession of Mr. Carlos Mario Paz Cárdenas formed by Mr. Javier Fernando Paz Carvallo, Mr. Cesar Augusto Paz Carvallo, Mrs. María Elena Paz Carvallo and Mrs. Magdalena Esperanza Carvallo Gautier de Paz. Thus, after the filing of the trial and the performance of evidence, a judgment of first instance was issued which decided to declare the claim well-founded and consequently ordered the defendants to sign the respective public deed in favor of the defendants, in accordance with the terms of the purchase and sale contract entered into with Mr. Carlos Mario Paz Cárdenas and his wife, Mrs. Magdalena Carvallo Gautier de Paz, dated February 4, 2000. This being the case, the defendant files an appeal against the aforementioned decision, which was granted by the Civil Chamber of Huaura, which decided to revoke that decision and reformulated the claim was declared inadmissible, which is why the plaintiff filed an appeal of cassation that was resolved by the Civil and Permanent Chamber of the Supreme Court, which decided to declare the appeal well-founded and married the judgment of the hearing, declaring the judgment of first instance to be well founded.Trabajo de investigació