93 research outputs found

    Does the antidiabetic drug metformin affect embryo development and the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)?

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    Abstract Background Due to the rising number of type 2 diabetes patients, the antidiabetic drug, metformin is currently among those pharmaceuticals with the highest consumption rates worldwide. Via sewage-treatment plants, metformin enters surface waters where it is frequently detected in low concentrations (”g/L). Since possible adverse effects of this substance in aquatic organisms have been insufficiently explored to date, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of metformin on health and development in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) and its microbiome. Results Brown trout embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ”g/L metformin over a period from 48 days post fertilisation (dpf) until 8 weeks post-yolk sac consumption at 7 °C (156 dpf) and 11 °C (143 dpf). Chemical analyses in tissues of exposed fish showed the concentration-dependent presence of metformin in the larvae. Mortality, embryonic development, body length, liver tissue integrity, stress protein levels and swimming behaviour were not influenced. However, compared to the controls, the amount of hepatic glycogen was higher in larvae exposed to metformin, especially in fish exposed to the lowest metformin concentration of 1 ”g/L, which is environmentally relevant. At higher metformin concentrations, the glycogen content in the liver showed a high variability, especially for larvae exposed to 1000 ”g/L metformin. Furthermore, the body weight of fish exposed to 10 and 100 ”g/L metformin at 7 °C and to 1 ”g/L metformin at 11 °C was decreased compared with the respective controls. The results of the microbiome analyses indicated a shift in the bacteria distribution in fish exposed to 1 and 10 ”g/L metformin at 7 °C and to 100 ”g/L metformin at 11 °C, leading to an increase of Proteobacteria and a reduction of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Conclusions Overall, weight reduction and the increased glycogen content belong to the described pharmaceutical effects of the drug in humans, but this study showed that they also occur in brown trout larvae. The impact of a shift in the intestinal microbiome caused by metformin on the immune system and vitality of the host organism should be the subject of further research before assessing the environmental relevance of the pharmaceutical

    Spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for pigment pattern formation in zebrafish

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    Polyamines are small poly-cations essential for all cellular life. The main polyamines present in metazoans are putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Their exact functions are still largely unclear; however, they are involved in a wide variety of processes affecting cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis and aging. Here we identify idefix, a mutation in the zebrafish gene encoding the enzyme spermidine synthase, leading to a severe reduction in spermidine levels as shown by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. We show that spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for early development, organogenesis and colour pattern formation. Whereas in other vertebrates spermidine deficiency leads to very early embryonic lethality, maternally provided spermidine synthase in zebrafish is sufficient to rescue the early developmental defects. This allows us to uncouple them from events occurring later during colour patterning. Factors involved in the cellular interactions essential for colour patterning, likely targets for spermidine, are the gap junction components Cx41.8, Cx39.4, and Kir7.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, all known to be regulated by polyamines. Thus, zebrafish provide a vertebrate model to study the in vivo effects of polyamines

    BBF RFC 105: The Intein standard - a universal way to modify proteins after translation

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    This Request for Comments (RFC) proposes a new standard that allows for easy and flexible cloning of intein constructs and thus makes this technology accessible to the synthetic biology community

    Optimierung von Probeninjektion und Trennung in der Kapillarelektrophorese, der micellaren elektrokinetischen Chromatographie und der SĂ€ulenkopplung Isotachophorese-Kapillarelektrophorese zur Analyse komplexer Proben in der forensischen Analytik

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    In dieser Arbeit kommen drei Formate der elektromigrativen Trenntechniken zum Einsatz: Kapillarelektrophorese (CE), Micellare elektrokinetische Chromatographie (MEKC) und Isotachophorese (ITP). Bei allen drei Techniken steht die Entwicklung von Verfahren im Mittelpunkt, die die Bestimmung von BetĂ€ubungsmitteln und Grundstoffen in komplexen Proben ermöglichen sollen. Im Vordergrund steht hierbei die Optimierung der Zusammensetzung des verwendeten Trennelektrolytsystems und der Probenlösung, sowie instrumenteller Parameter, um die SelektivitĂ€t und die Nachweisempfindlichkeit der Verfahren zu erhöhen. Die illegale Herstellung von Methylendioxymethamphetamin (MDMA), dem am hĂ€ufigsten in Ecstasytabletten identifizierten Wirkstoff, erfolgt in der Regel aus safrolhaltigen Ă€therischen Ölen unterschiedlicher Pflanzen. Mit Safrol und den in den Ölen vorhandenen strukturell eng verwandten Analyten wie Isosafrol, Eugenol und Anethol liegen sehr hydrophobe neutrale Analyte vor. Ein Profilingverfahren dieser Öle mittels MEKC wurde entwickelt. In der Optimierung der Zusammensetzung des Trennelektrolyten mußte neben der Reduktion der Verteilungskoeffizienten auch eine hohe SelektivitĂ€t der Trennung durch geeignete Additive erreicht werden, da in den Ă€therischen Ölen sehr hohe Konzentrationsunterschiede zwischen der Hauptkomponente Safrol und den strukturell verwandten Nebenbestandteilen vorliegen. Ein Schwerpunkt in der Verfahrensentwicklung ist daher die Optimierung der Zusammensetzung der Probenaufgabelösung, die durch Zugabe eines neutralen Tensides erreicht wurde. Mit dem bezĂŒglich der Zusammensetzungen von Trennelektrolyt und Probenaufgabelösung optimierten Verfahren wurden Ă€therische Öle, die zur Synthese von Ecstasy verwendet werden können, sowie die Ă€therischen Öle einiger GewĂŒrzpflanzen untersucht. Um zu zeigen, daß die MEKC fĂŒr die Trennung hydrophober Analyte gut geeignet ist, wurde ein neues relationales Optimierungsschema entwickelt werden, das die Optimierung von Trennelektrolytzusammensetzungen fĂŒr die Trennung hydrophober Analyte anhand der Retentionsdaten homologer Reihen vereinfacht. Die Charakteristika eines Trennelektrolyten werden ĂŒber vier Koeffizienten erfaßt die zu Trennung relevanten Eigenschaften eines Analyten ĂŒber einen Deskriptor. Die Kombination beider ParameterrĂ€ume ermöglicht die schnelle und einfache Optimierung von Trennungen. Die SĂ€ulenkopplung Isotachophorese-Kapillarelektrophorese wurde mit Laser-induzierter Fluoreszenz fĂŒr die Bestimmung der aktiven Bestandteile in Ayahuasca, mit Elektrospray-Massenspektrometrie fĂŒr die Bestimmung von Ergotalkaloiden in Mutterkorn und Herbal Ecstasyproben eingesetzt. Zudem wurden die Eignung der nicht-wĂ€ĂŸrigen Isotachophorese fĂŒr die Trennung schwacher Basen untersucht. Bekannte on-line Probenaufkonzentrierungstechniken in der Kapillarelektrophorese wurden untersucht, um die der Anreicherung zugrundeliegenden Effekte zu verstehen. Mechanistische Aspekte standen hier im Vordergrund. Zudem wurden neue verbesserte Variationen der bekannten Verfahren entwickelt. Die mögliche Beladbarkeit der Kapillare mit Analyt wurde als vergleichender Parameter eingefĂŒhrt

    Non-aqueous electrolytes for isotachophoresis of weak bases and its application to the comprehensive preconcentration of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids in column-coupling ITP/CE-MS

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    Isotachophoresis (ITP) has long been used alone but also as a preconcentration technique for capillary electrophoresis (CE). Unfortunately, up to now, its application is restricted to relatively strong acids and bases as either the degree of (de)protonation is too low or the water dissociation is too high, evoking zone electrophoresis. With the comprehensive ITP analysis of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids as model analytes, we, here, show that non–aqueous ITP using dimethylsulfoxide as a solvent solves this ITP shortcoming. Dimethylsulfoxide changes the pH regime of analytes and electrolytes but, more importantly, strongly reduces the proton mobility by prohibiting hydrogen bonds and thus, the so-called Zundel–Eigen–Zundel electrical conduction mechanism of flipping hydrogen bonds. The effects are demonstrated in an electrolyte system with taurine or H+ as terminator, and imidazole as leader together with strong acids such as oxalic and even trifluoroacetic acid as counterions, both impossible to use in aqueous solution. Mass spectrometric as well as capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) are used to follow the ITP processes. To demonstrate the preconcentration capabilities of ITP in a two-dimensional set-up, we, here, also demonstrate that our non-aqueous ITP method can be combined with capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry in a column-coupling system using a hybrid approach of capillaries coupled to a microfluidic interface. For this, C4D was optimized for on-chip detection with the electrodes aligned on top of a thin glass lid of the microfluidic chip.Fil: Kler, Pablo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂ­ficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂ­fico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones En Metodos Computacionales. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Centro de Investigaciones En Metodos Computacionales; Argentina. Universidad Eberhard Karls. Faculty of Science. Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; AlemaniaFil: Huhn, Carolin. Universidad Eberhard Karls. Faculty of Science. Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Alemani
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