The Original Understanding of the New Hampshire Constitution’s Education Clause

[Excerpt] “In 1993, the New Hampshire Supreme Court held that “part II, article 83 [of the state constitution] imposes a duty on the State to provide a constitutionally adequate education to every educable child in the public schools in New Hampshire and to guarantee adequate funding,” and that this duty is enforceable by the judiciary. This decision, known as Claremont I, was the wellspring of a line of decisions that has radically changed both the manner in which public education is funded in New Hampshire and the respective roles of the judicial branch and the representative branches in formulating education policy. Since the adoption of the state constitution in 1784, public education in New Hampshire had been funded primarily with local taxes. The Claremont decisions flatly rejected this long tradition of local control of the funding of public education: “Whatever the State identifies as comprising constitutional adequacy it must pay for. None of that financial obligation can be shifted to local school districts, regardless of their relative wealth or need.”

New Hampshire’s Claremont Case and the Separation of Powers

[Excerpt] Court decisions involving the adequacy of public education raise some obvious separation of powers problems. These include the institutional competency of courts to determine what level of education is adequate and how much funding is necessary to reach that level, and the authority of courts to enforce such judgments. This article will examine these problems through New Hampshire’s serial education funding litigation, the Claremont case. [. . .] I will start by briefly reviewing the history of education funding litigation because this context is essential to understanding the Claremont case. I will then undertake a limited review of the Claremont case. Finally, I will consider Claremont from the standpoint of the separation of powers. I begin by examining the text and structure of the State Constitution and then consider whether there are judicially discoverable and manageable standards for determining what level of education is adequate and how much funding is necessary to reach that level. Because there is a textually demonstrable commitment of education funding and education policy to the legislative branch, and because what an adequate education comprises and costs are quintessentially political questions, Claremont represents a clear trespass on legislative powers and should be overruled.

Note about a second "evidence" for a WIMP annual modulation

This note, with its five questions, is intended to contribute to a clarification about a claimed "evidence" by the DAMA group of an annual modulation of the counting rate of a Dark Matter NaI(Tl) detector as due to a neutralino (SUSY-LSP) Dark Matter candidate.Comment: LaTex, 3 pages, 2 figure

On Quantum Algorithms

Quantum computers use the quantum interference of different computational paths to enhance correct outcomes and suppress erroneous outcomes of computations. In effect, they follow the same logical paradigm as (multi-particle) interferometers. We show how most known quantum algorithms, including quantum algorithms for factorising and counting, may be cast in this manner. Quantum searching is described as inducing a desired relative phase between two eigenvectors to yield constructive interference on the sought elements and destructive interference on the remaining terms.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

Health Insurance Competition: The Effect of Group Contracts

In countries like the US and the Netherlands health insurance is provided by private firms. These private firms can offer both individual and group contracts. The strategic and welfare implications of such group contracts are not well understood. Using a Dutch data set of about 700 group health insurance contracts over the period 2007-2008, we estimate a model to determine which factors explain the price of group contracts. We find that groups that are located close to an insurers’ home turf pay a higher premium than other groups. This finding is not consistent with the bargaining argument in the literature as it implies that concentrated groups close to an insurer’s home turf should get (if any) a larger discount than other groups. A simple Hotelling model, however, does explain our empirical results.health insurance;health-plan choice;managed competition

Quantum Networks for Concentrating Entanglement

If two parties, Alice and Bob, share some number, n, of partially entangled pairs of qubits, then it is possible for them to concentrate these pairs into some smaller number of maximally entangled states. We present a simplified version of the algorithm for such entanglement concentration, and we describe efficient networks for implementing these operations.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

Climatologically forced coherence between diverse juvenile populations in the Virginia tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay

Long term trends in juvenile recruitment of oyster, bluecrab, and 24 species of finfish in a large temperate estuary (lower Chesapeake Bay, USA) are coherent across the three major tributaries (the Virginia rivers James, York, and Rappahannock). The driving force for these long term trends is geographically large in scale. Anomalous winters in the mid 1970\u27s, with the warmest years on record followed immediately by the coldest, caused a severe perturbation in population dynamics. The extreme conditions caused the system to shift, with recruitment patterns following temperatures by a one year lag. Following this anomalous episode, smoothed mean winter water temperatures have increased steadily from 1979 until 1995 &\rm (3.9{lcub}-{rcub}5.7\sp\circ C,& long-term T = &\rm 4.6\sp\circ C),& closely followed (with zero lag) by the first principal component (PC) from each set of smoothed biological indices. Annual indices of juvenile abundance (means of log-transformed catch per unit effort) were calculated by river for the James, York and Rappahannock Rivers. Two collections of different temporal lengths are analysed, oyster, bluecrab and 14 species of finfish (1965-1995) and 17 species of finfish (1980-1995), with an overlap of seven species of finfish. The indices are smoothed by loess (locally weighted scatterplot smoother), and analyses are performed on the indices, the loess-smoothed indices, and the residuals. Principal components analysis (PCA) on the indices indicates coherence in the population fluctuations by a relatively small number of PC\u27s. Weak relationships are found in the unsmoothed indices and the residuals. Smoothed long-term trends eliminate much of the noise, thus exposing the underlying behavior of populations. PCA on the loess-smoothed indices were remarkably cohesive, with only three or four PC\u27s significant in each of the six treatments, accounting for 93 to 98% of total variance, with 44 to 70% in PC#1. Correlations on the first PC\u27s of the loess-smoothed indices, between rivers, within and between surveys, yielded 87-99% agreement; such coherence indicates the underlying causal factor is geographically broad. Cross correlations and scatterplots of smoothed winter water temperature and PC#1 identify the lag during the perturbation years

Learning approaches used by students in an undergraduate emergency medical care programme

Background. Students may primarily use either a deep learning approach (DLA) or surface learning approach (SLA) in response to their perceptions of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors within a given  learning environment. By determining the learning approaches of students, one can provide important information on how they learn within an educational programme – information that can be used for various applications with regard to future structure and presentation of programme content.Objectives. To determine which learning approaches (DLA or SLA) were being used by students in the Bachelor of Emergency Medical Care programme at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa, in each academic year of study. Further objectives were to determine which intrinsic and extrinsic factors  influenced these choices and to assess whether learning approaches differed significantly between  academic years of study.Methods. This study was conducted using a quantitative design and a validated 20-question survey  instrument. Data analysis was primarily descriptive, but also focused on whether there was a significant difference in learning approaches between the four years of study.Results. Seventy students participated in the study, giving an overall response rate of 85%. Results showed that most students predominantly used a DLA, and that there was no significant difference between the four academic years of study with regard to the predominant learning approach. More students appeared to be influenced to use a DLA by extrinsic factors than intrinsic factors.Conclusion. Further research is needed to determine why students choose SLAs or DLAs, and the  influence of the educational environment on this process

Interface bonding of a ferromagnetic/semiconductor junction : a photoemission study of Fe/ZnSe(001)

We have probed the interface of a ferromagnetic/semiconductor (FM/SC) heterojunction by a combined high resolution photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron diffraction study. Fe/ZnSe(001) is considered as an example of a very low reactivity interface system and it expected to constitute large Tunnel Magnetoresistance devices. We focus on the interface atomic environment, on the microscopic processes of the interface formation and on the iron valence-band. We show that the Fe contact with ZnSe induces a chemical conversion of the ZnSe outermost atomic layers. The main driving force that induces this rearrangement is the requirement for a stable Fe-Se bonding at the interface and a Se monolayer that floats at the Fe growth front. The released Zn atoms are incorporated in substitution in the Fe lattice position. This formation process is independent of the ZnSe surface termination (Zn or Se). The Fe valence-band evolution indicates that the d-states at the Fermi level show up even at submonolayer Fe coverage but that the Fe bulk character is only recovered above 10 monolayers. Indeed, the Fe 1-band states, theoretically predicted to dominate the tunneling conductance of Fe/ZnSe/Fe junctions, are strongly modified at the FM/SC interface.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Physical review