The rainbow hurts my skin : medicinal concepts and plants uses among the Yanesha (Amuesha), an Amazonian Peruvian ethnic group

Yanesha, also called Amuesha, is a group of amerindian people. belonging to the arawak linguistic family. They dwell in the central region of Peru, at the oriental foothills of the Andes. Their territory covers a large range of ecological settings, and communities spread from 1800 down to 400 m/snm. The Yanesha Culture is vivid to this day, and people strongly rely on traditional medicine in their everyday life. An exhaustive ethnopharmacological survey leads us to collect 249 species with medicinal uses. An overview of the Yanesha pharmacopoeia, linked with ethnomedicinal practices is presented in this paper

Medical ethnobotany of the Chayahuita of the Paranapura basin (Peruvian Amazon)

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Up until now, the plant pharmacopoeia of the Chayahuita, an ethnic group from the Peruvian Amazon, has been poorly defined. This paper details the uses of medicinal plants within this community, as recorded in two villages of the Paranapura basin, Soledad and Atahualpa de Conchiyacu. This study aimed to describe the basis of the Chayahuita traditional medical system, to document part of the medicinal plant corpus, and to compare it with data from other Amazonian ethnic groups. Material and methods: Methodology was based (i) on field prospection with 26 informants (ethnobotanical walks methodology), (ii) semi-structured interviews including 93 people (49 men and 44 women) focused on the most recent health problem experienced and on the therapeutic options chosen, (iii) individual or group thematic discussions relating to disease and treatments, (iv) 6-months of participants' observations between May 2007 and May 2008. At the end of the project in May 2008 a workshop was organized to cross-check the data with the help of 12 of the most interested informants. Results: Six hundred and seventeen voucher specimens were collected, corresponding to 303 different species, from which 274 (belonging to 83 families) are documented here. Altogether 492 recipes were recorded, corresponding to a global figure of 541 therapeutic uses and a total of 664 use reports. The main therapeutic uses are related to dermatological problems (103 uses; 19%), gastro-intestinal complaints (69 uses; 13%) and malaria/fevers (52 uses; 10%). Diseases are analysed according to Chayahuita concepts, and for each disease the species having a high frequency of citation are listed, and the most frequently used remedies are described. Whenever possible, comparisons with other Amazonian groups have been drawn. Conclusion: Chayahuita nosology and medical ethnobotany appear to draw their inspiration from a common panamazonian root. Despite the fact that a certain number of medicinal plants are shared with other nearby groups, there seem to be specific uses for some species, thus highlighting the originality of the Chayahuita pharmacopoeia. Presently there is a certain disinterest in the most traditional area of the Chayahuita medical ways, and the role of the penutu (shaman) seems to be less highly-valued than in the past. Nonetheless, the use of medicinal plants in phytotherapeutic treatment is very much a living, shared knowledge

Leishmanicidal compounds and potent PPAR gamma activators from Renealmia thyrsoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Leaves and rhizomes of Renealmia thyrsoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. traditionally used in the Yanesha pharmacopoeia to treat skin infections such as leishmaniasis ulcers, or to reduce fever were chemically investigated to identify leishmanicidal compounds, as well as PPAR gamma activators. Methods: Compounds were isolated through a bioassay-guided fractionation and their structures were determined via detailed spectral analysis. The viability of Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes was assessed by the reduction of tetrazolium salt (MIT), the cytotoxicity on macrophage was evaluated using trypan blue dye exclusion method, while the percentage of infected macrophages was determined microscopically in the intracellular macrophage-infected assay. The CD36, mannose receptor (MR) and dectin-1 mRNA expression on human monocytes-derived macrophages was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Six sesquiterpenes (1-6), one dihydrobenzofuranone (7) and four flavonoids (8-11) were isolated from the leaves. Alongside, two flavonoids (12-13) and five diarylheptanoids (14-18) were identified in the. rhizomes. Leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes was evaluated for all compounds. Compounds 6, 7, and 11, isolated from the leaves, showed to be the most active derivatives. Diarylheptanoids 14-18 were also screened for their ability to activate PPAR gamma nuclear receptor in macrophages. Compounds 17 and 18 bearing a Michael acceptor moiety strongly increased the expression of PPAR gamma target genes such as CD36, Dectin-1 and mannose receptor (MR), thus revealing interesting immunomodulatory properties. Conclusions: Phytochemical investigation of Renealmia thyrsoidea has led to the isolation of leishmanicidal compounds from the leaves and potent PPAR gamma activators from the rhizomes. These results are in agreement with the traditional uses of the different parts of Renealmia thyrsoidea

Varia

Rad obrađuje tematiku poreza na dodanu vrijednost u Republici Hrvatskoj. Porez na dodanu vrijednost (PDV) je prometni porez koji oporezuje isporuke dobara i usluga. Svaka država ima vlastite stope PDV-a koje primjenjuje, a stope u Republici Hrvatskoj su 5%, 13% i 25%. Porezni obveznik je osoba koja samostalno obavlja gospodarsku djelatnost. Poduzetnik postaje porezni obveznik ako vrijednost isporučenih dobara i usluga iznosi više od 300.000,00 kn ili ako sam odluči ući u sustav PDV-a. Poduzetnik je u sustavu poreza na dodanu vrijednost dužan voditi i dostavljati odgovarajuću računovodstvenu evidenciju podataka o isporukama dobara i usluga. Poduzeće „Izgradnja Mađarević“ obrađeno u primjeru u tu svrhu evidentira podatke prema knjigama primljenih i izdanih računa, obrazac PDV, te obrasce PDV-S, ZP i PPO