Oxidación de proteínas y lípidos en cerebro de cobayos durante la exposición a las grandes alturas (4540 m)

Se evaluó el efecto del tiempo de exposición a las grandes alturas sobre la oxidación de proteínas y lípidos del tejido cerebral de cobayos nativos del nivel del mar trasladados a las grandes alturas (Morococha, 4540 m), y sacrificados los días 1, 3, 7 y 14 después de su arribo. Se determinó los niveles medios de cuerpos carbonílicos (CC), malondialdehído (MDA) e hidroperóxidos lipídicos (LOOH) como marcadores de la oxidación de proteínas y lípidos respectivamente; así como, las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutation peroxidasa (GPx) y fosfolipasa A2 (FLA2) como mediadora de la peroxidación lipídica. Se encontró niveles de CC, LOOH y MDA incrementados al primer día; CC disminuyó por debajo del control al tercer día, LOOH mantuvo la tendencia a disminuir y MDA mantuvo sus niveles altos. Las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes: GPx y CAT incrementaron desde el primer día; la actividad de SOD aumentó hasta el tercer día disminuyendo posteriormente; la actividad de FLA2 aumentó hasta el tercer día. Los resultados indican que la exposición por diferentes tiempos a las grandes alturas influye directamente en el proceso de oxidación de proteínas y lípidos. La disminución de los niveles de CC podría deberse a la activación del sistema proteolítico, en especial de las proteasas dependientes de Ca+2 como las calpaínas o del sistema proteasomal, las cuales degradarían las proteínas dañadas por las EROs. La exposición a la altura influye además en la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, especialmente en GPx, que juega un rol importante en la detoxificación de LOOH, lo que explicaría la tendencia a disminuir al final del tiempo de estudio.-- It was determined the effect of high-altitude exposition time (Morococha - 4540 m) on protein and lipid oxidation from brain of level-sea native guinea pig for different times (1,3,7 and 14 days). It was measured the level of carbonyl groups (CC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipids hydroperoxydes (LOOH) as protein and lipid oxidation markers respectively. Also, the activity of antioxidants enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a mediator of lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The results showed an increase of the CC, LOOH and MDA levels during the first day; CC decreased below the control levels by the third day, LOOH level had a decrease trend in time and MDA kept its higher levels. The activity of both antioxidant enzymes GPx and CAT, increased since the first day. Moreover, the activity of SOD showed an increase up to third day followed by a decrease; the activity of PLA2 increased up to the third day. The dates recorded indicated that the expositions at altitudes for different times affect directly the oxidative process of both protein and lipid. The decrease on the CC level could be caused by the activation of the proteolytic system, especially the activation of calcium-dependent proteases as calpains or the proteasomal system which could degrade damaged proteins by EROs. The exposition of altitude might affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes, especially GPx, which could play an important role in the detoxification of LOOH.Tesi

Inmovilización de transaminasas y amonio liasas y su aplicación en síntesis de compuestos aminados

El objetivo del presente trabajo de tesis es establecer métodos biocatalíticos para la síntesis de los aminoácidos L-fenilalanina, L-aspartato, β−aminobutirato y de las aminas aromáticas 1-feniletilamina y 3-amino-1-fenilbutano, usando biocatalizadores con actividad transaminasa y amonio liasa inmovilizados por técnicas de formación de enlaces covalentes (en el caso de enzimas) y por atrapamiento (tanto para enzimas como para células). Se establecieron dos métodos enzimáticos para la síntesis del aminoácido aromático esencial L-fenilalanina (Phe). El primer método de síntesis se realizó usando como biocatalizador L-aspartato transaminasa (13T) de corazón porcino inmovilizado. Se optimizaron los métodos de inmovilización de 13T en los soportes Eupergit® C, MANA-agarosa y LentiKats®. Los biocatalizadores inmovilizados resultantes se emplearon en la síntesis de Phe. La inmovilización en Eupergit® C y LentiKats® permitió mejorar la estabilidad del enzima 13T, así como alcanzar rendimientos de reacción de síntesis de Phe superiores al 70%. Además se estableció un método de síntesis multienzimática "one-pot", para lo que se acoplaron las reacciones catalizadas por los enzimas aspartasa (AspB) y transaminasa (AT). Se determinó la compatibilidad de los enzimas en las condiciones de reacción (pH 7,5 y 37°C) y se establecieron las concentraciones óptimas de los sustratos (0,15 M de fumarato, 0,3 M de NH4Cl y 0,1 M de fenilpiruvato) y de los enzimas (0,3 U de AspB/mL y 2 U de AT/mL). En estas condiciones, se alcanzó un rendimiento global de reacción de 80%. Para la síntesis de L-aspartato (Asp) se utilizó el enzima L-aspartato amonio liasa o aspartasa (AspB) de Bacillus sp. YM55-1 parcialmente purificado. El enzima se inmovilizó en los soportes Eupergit® C, MANA-agarosa y LentiKats®. Los biocatalizadores inmovilizados se emplearon en la síntesis de altas concentraciones de Asp (≥ 60 g/L). Además, el enzima inmovilizado se reutilizó eficientemente en la síntesis del aminoácido, manteniendo alrededor del 90% de su actividad inicial al cabo de 5 ciclos de reacción en todos los casos. La síntesis de las aminas aromáticas 1-feniletilamina (FEA) y 3-amino-1-fenilbutano (AFB) se llevó a cabo utilizando biocatalizadores (células y/o enzima parcialmente purificado) con actividad ω−transaminasa (ω−TA). Se estableció un método de permeabilización de las membranas de células ω−TA utilizando bromuro de cetrimonio (CTAB). Las células ω−TA se inmovilizaron en el soporte LentiKats® con un 100% de retención de su actividad catalítica. El enzima ω−TA se inmovilizó en varios soportes, obteniéndose los mejores resultados en Eupergit® CM y LentiKats®. La inmovilización en LentiKats®, tanto de células (no permeabilizadas y permeabilizadas) como del enzima, permitió la reutilización de los catalizadores hasta en 5 y 10 ciclos de síntesis de AFB, manteniendo alrededor del 80 y 70% de la actividad inicial, respectivamente. Por último, se comprobó que el enzima aspartasa mutado (AspB-C6) a partir de AspB, cataliza la reacción de aminación regioselectiva del ácido crotónico para producir β−aminobutirato. Este enzima se inmovilizó en los soportes Eupergit® C y MANA-agarosa según los métodos de inmovilización establecidos para el enzima AspB en los mismos soportes. Se obtuvieron rendimientos de inmovilización similares pero las actividades retenidas fueron significativamente inferiores para AspB-C6 que para AspB.The objective of this thesis is to establish biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of the amino acids L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine and β−aminobutyrate, as well as the aromatic amines 1-phenylethylamine and 3-amine-1-phenylbutane, by using biocatalysts with transaminase and ammonia-lyase activity immobilized by covalent attachment techniques (for enzymes) and entrapment (for enzymes and cells). Two methods for the synthesis of the essential aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine (Phe) were established. The first method was carried out by using L-aspartate transaminase (AAT) from porcine heart as biocatalyst. The immobilization of the enzyme AAT on Eupergit® C, MANA-agarose and LentiKats® supports was optimized, and the three immobilized enzymatic derivatives were used for the synthesis of Phe. AAT immobilized on Eupergit® C and LentiKats® allowed improving the stability of the enzyme as well as reaching reaction yields of Phe over 70%. Moreover, a multi-enzymatic one-pot method for the synthesis of Phe was established by coupling of two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by aspartase (AspB) and transaminase (AT). The compatibility of both enzymes under the reaction conditions (pH 7,5 and 37°C) was shown; and, the optimum concentration of substrates (0,15 M fumarate, 0,3 M NH4Cl and 0,1 M phenylpyruvate) and enzymes (0,3 U of AspB/mL and 2 U of AT/mL) were established. In these conditions, the global reaction yield was 80%. L-aspartate was synthesized by using the enzyme L-aspartate ammonia-lyase or aspartase (AspB) from Bacillus sp. YM55-1. The enzyme was immobilized on Eupergit® C, MANA-agarose and LentiKats® supports. The immobilized biocatalysts were used for the synthesis of highly concentrated Asp (≥ 60 g/L). Furthermore, the immobilized biocatalysts were efficiently reused in 5 cycles of Asp synthesis, maintaining over 90% of activity and reaching over 90% of conversion in all the cases. The synthesis of the aromatic amine 3-amine-phenylbutane (APB) was carried out by means of cells with ω−transaminase (ω−TA) activity as well as the partially purified enzyme ω−TA. A permeabilization method of the cell membranes with cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) was performed. Cells were immobilized in LentiKats® with 100% retention of the catalytic activity. The enzyme ω−TA was immobilized on several supports, and the best results were obtained with Eupergit® CM and LentiKats® supports. The cells (non-permeabilized and permeabilized) and the enzyme immobilized in LentiKats®, allowed reusing the biocatalysts up to 5 and 10 cycles of synthesis of APB, maintaining around 80 and 70% of the initial activity respectively. Finally, it was shown that the mutated aspartase (AspB-C6) from AspB, catalyzes the regioselective amination of crotonic acid to yield β−aminobutyrate. This enzyme was immobilized on Eupergit® C and MANA-agarose supports, according to the immobilization methods established for AspB on the same supports. The immobilization yields were similar; however the retained activities were lower than those obtained for AspB

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Inmovilización de transaminasas y amonio liasas y su aplicación en síntesis de compuestos aminados

El objetivo del presente trabajo de tesis es establecer métodos biocatalíticos para la síntesis de los aminoácidos L-fenilalanina, L-aspartato, β−aminobutirato y de las aminas aromáticas 1-feniletilamina y 3-amino-1-fenilbutano, usando biocatalizadores con actividad transaminasa y amonio liasa inmovilizados por técnicas de formación de enlaces covalentes (en el caso de enzimas) y por atrapamiento (tanto para enzimas como para células). Se establecieron dos métodos enzimáticos para la síntesis del aminoácido aromático esencial L-fenilalanina (Phe). El primer método de síntesis se realizó usando como biocatalizador L-aspartato transaminasa (AAT) de corazón porcino inmovilizado. Se optimizaron los métodos de inmovilización de AAT en los soportes Eupergit® C, MANA-agarosa y LentiKats®. Los biocatalizadores inmovilizados resultantes se emplearon en la síntesis de Phe. La inmovilización en Eupergit® C y LentiKats® permitió mejorar la estabilidad del enzima AAT, así como alcanzar rendimientos de reacción de síntesis de Phe superiores al 70%. Además se estableció un método de síntesis multienzimática “one-pot”, para lo que se acoplaron las reacciones catalizadas por los enzimas aspartasa (AspB) y transaminasa (AT). Se determinó la compatibilidad de los enzimas en las condiciones de reacción (pH 7,5 y 37°C) y se establecieron las concentraciones óptimas de los sustratos (0,15 M de fumarato, 0,3 M de NH4Cl y 0,1 M de fenilpiruvato) y de los enzimas (0,3 U de AspB/mL y 2 U de AT/mL). En estas condiciones, se alcanzó un rendimiento global de reacción de 80%. Para la síntesis de L-aspartato (Asp) se utilizó el enzima L-aspartato amonio liasa o aspartasa (AspB) de Bacillus sp. YM55-1 parcialmente purificado. El enzima se inmovilizó en los soportes Eupergit® C, MANA-agarosa y LentiKats®. Los biocatalizadores inmovilizados se emplearon en la síntesis de altas concentraciones de Asp (≥ 60 g/L). Además, el enzima inmovilizado se reutilizó eficientemente en la síntesis del aminoácido, manteniendo alrededor del 90% de su actividad inicial al cabo de 5 ciclos de reacción en todos los casos. La síntesis de las aminas aromáticas 1-feniletilamina (FEA) y 3-amino-1-fenilbutano (AFB) se llevó a cabo utilizando biocatalizadores (células y/o enzima parcialmente purificado) con actividad ω−transaminasa (ω−TA). Se estableció un método de permeabilización de las membranas de células ω−TA utilizando bromuro de cetrimonio (CTAB). Las células ω−TA se inmovilizaron en el soporte LentiKats® con un 100% de retención de su actividad catalítica. El enzima ω−TA se inmovilizó en varios soportes, obteniéndose los mejores resultados en Eupergit® CM y LentiKats®. La inmovilización en LentiKats®, tanto de células (no permeabilizadas y permeabilizadas) como del enzima, permitió la reutilización de los catalizadores hasta en 5 y 10 ciclos de síntesis de AFB, manteniendo alrededor del 80 y 70% de la actividad inicial, respectivamente. Por último, se comprobó que el enzima aspartasa mutado (AspB-C6) a partir de AspB, cataliza la reacción de aminación regioselectiva del ácido crotónico para producir β−aminobutirato. Este enzima se inmovilizó en los soportes Eupergit® C y MANA-agarosa según los métodos de inmovilización establecidos para el enzima AspB en los mismos soportes. Se obtuvieron rendimientos de inmovilización similares pero las actividades retenidas fueron significativamente inferiores para AspB-C6 que para AspB.The objective of this thesis is to establish biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of the amino acids L-aspartate, L-phenylalanine and β−aminobutyrate, as well as the aromatic amines 1-phenylethylamine and 3-amine-1-phenylbutane, by using biocatalysts with transaminase and ammonia-lyase activity immobilized by covalent attachment techniques (for enzymes) and entrapment (for enzymes and cells). Two methods for the synthesis of the essential aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine (Phe) were established. The first method was carried out by using L-aspartate transaminase (AAT) from porcine heart as biocatalyst. The immobilization of the enzyme AAT on Eupergit® C, MANA-agarose and LentiKats® supports was optimized, and the three immobilized enzymatic derivatives were used for the synthesis of Phe. AAT immobilized on Eupergit® C and LentiKats® allowed improving the stability of the enzyme as well as reaching reaction yields of Phe over 70%. Moreover, a multi-enzymatic one-pot method for the synthesis of Phe was established by coupling of two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by aspartase (AspB) and transaminase (AT). The compatibility of both enzymes under the reaction conditions (pH 7,5 and 37°C) was shown; and, the optimum concentration of substrates (0,15 M fumarate, 0,3 M NH4Cl and 0,1 M phenylpyruvate) and enzymes (0,3 U of AspB/mL and 2 U of AT/mL) were established. In these conditions, the global reaction yield was 80%. L-aspartate was synthesized by using the enzyme L-aspartate ammonia-lyase or aspartase (AspB) from Bacillus sp. YM55-1. The enzyme was immobilized on Eupergit® C, MANA-agarose and LentiKats® supports. The immobilized biocatalysts were used for the synthesis of highly concentrated Asp (≥ 60 g/L). Furthermore, the immobilized biocatalysts were efficiently reused in 5 cycles of Asp synthesis, maintaining over 90% of activity and reaching over 90% of conversion in all the cases. The synthesis of the aromatic amine 3-amine-phenylbutane (APB) was carried out by means of cells with ω−transaminase (ω−TA) activity as well as the partially purified enzyme ω−TA. A permeabilization method of the cell membranes with cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) was performed. Cells were immobilized in LentiKats® with 100% retention of the catalytic activity. The enzyme ω−TA was immobilized on several supports, and the best results were obtained with Eupergit® CM and LentiKats® supports. The cells (non-permeabilized and permeabilized) and the enzyme immobilized in LentiKats®, allowed reusing the biocatalysts up to 5 and 10 cycles of synthesis of APB, maintaining around 80 and 70% of the initial activity respectively. Finally, it was shown that the mutated aspartase (AspB-C6) from AspB, catalyzes the regioselective amination of crotonic acid to yield β−aminobutyrate. This enzyme was immobilized on Eupergit® C and MANA-agarose supports, according to the immobilization methods established for AspB on the same supports. The immobilization yields were similar; however the retained activities were lower than those obtained for AspB

Actividad y fenotipos de paraoxonasa-I en una, población de estudiantes universitarios de Lima Perú

In the present study, it was measured the Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and phenotypes in 89 universities students from Lima-Peru, because previous studies ha ve reported that the PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism could affect the organophosphorus and drug metabolism as well as its protective effect against to development of atherosclerosis. It has found that the mean PON1 activity in the studied population was 167.01 ± 60.84 U/L. The AA, AB Y BB phenotypes from PON1 activity shown frequencies of 0.236, 0.573 and 0.191 respectively. In the studied population PON1 activity has a unimodal distribution and there are more heterozygous individuals AB than homozygous AA or BB. The knowledge of PON1 activity and phenotypes in various populations could be useful for identifying individuals who are more prone to the organophosphorus toxicity or who ha ve a high risk to developed aterosclerosis, and to predict who individuals will not respond to a drug that involve the PON1 participation in íts biotransformation.En el presente estudio se determinó la actividad y fenotipos de Paraoxonasa-1 (PON1) en 89 estudiantes universitarios de Lima-Perú, debido a que estudios previos reportan que el polimorfismo 192 Q/R de PON1, afecta el metabolismo de diversos insecticidas organofosforados (OPs) y de ciertas drogas; así como, su rol protector contra el desarrollo de la aterosclerosis. Se encontró que la actividad media de PON1 en la población estudiada fue 167.01 ± 60.84 U /L. Los fenotipos AA, AB Y BB de la actividad PON1 presentaron las frecuencias de 0.236, 0.573 Y 0.191 respectivamente. La actividad de PON1 en la población estudiada sigue una distribución unimodal y existe un predominio de los heterocigotos AB sobre los homocigotos AA y BB. El conocimiento de la actividad y los fenotipos de PON1 en esta población ayudaría a identificar individuos susceptibles a la toxicidad por organofosforados y/o con mayor riesgo a desarrollar aterosclerosis y predecir que individuos no responderán favorablemente a una terapia farmacológica que involucre la participación de PON1 en su biotransformación

New ammonia lyases and amine transaminases : dtandardization of production process and preparation of immobilized biocatalysts

Background: New enzymes for biotransformations can be obtained by different approaches including directed mutagenesis and in vitro evolution. These mutants have to be efficiently produced for laboratory research on bioreactions as well as for process development. In the framework of a European ERA-IB project, two different types of enzymes (ammonia lyases and aminotransferases) have been selected as biocatalysts for the synthesis of industrially relevant amines. New mutant enzymes have been obtained: a) aspartases able to recognize β-amino acids; b) ω-transaminases with improved activity. The objectives are to find out a common operational strategy applicable to different mutants expressed in E. coli with the same initial genetic background, the development of an integrated process for production and the preparation of stable useful biocatalysts. Results: Mutant enzymes were expressed in E. coli BL21 under the control of isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) inducible promoter. The microorganisms were grown in a formulated defined medium and a high-cell density culture process was set up. Fed-batch operation at constant specific growth rate, employing an exponential addition profile allowed high biomass concentrations. The same operational strategy was applied for different mutants of both aspartase and transaminase enzymes, and the results have shown a common area of satisfactory operation for maximum production at low inducer concentration, around 2 μmol IPTG/g DCW. The operational strategy was validated with new mutants and high-cell density cultures were performed for efficient production. Suitable biocatalysts were prepared after recovery of the enzymes. The obtained aspartase was immobilized by covalent attachment on MANA-agarose, while ω-transaminase biocatalysts were prepared by entrapping whole cells and partially purified enzyme onto Lentikats (polyvinyl alcohol gel lens-shaped particles). Conclusions: The possibility of expressing different mutant enzymes under similar operation conditions has been demonstrated. The process was standardized for production of new aspartases with β-amino acid selectivity and new ω-transaminases with improved substrate acceptance. A whole process including production, cell disruption and partial purification was set up. The partially purified enzymes were immobilized and employed as stable biocatalysts in the synthesis of chiral amines