Możliwości odtwarzania struktury genetycznej populacji na podstawie źródeł historycznych

Publikacja sfinansowana ze środków z zakresu działalności upowszechniającej naukę (DUN) Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Biological and cultural causes of seasonality of deaths in historical populations from Poland

Seasonal fluctuations in mortality and their causes in the nineteenth century Polish rural populations: wealthy, agriculturally and economically advanced populations from Wielkopolska, and poor populations from Silesia and Galicia (southern Poland) were described. Data sources included parish death registers from the Roman Catholic parish of Dziekanowice in the region of Wielkopolska, Prussian statistical yearbooks for the Poznań Province as well as information from previous publications regarding Silesia and Galicia. The 19th century patterns were compared with those in present-day Poland. The occurrence of seasonality of deaths was assessed with: the Chi-squared test, the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models (ARIMA). In all populations there was a winter maximum of the number of deaths, while the minimum occurred in early summer. In the poor populations of Silesia and Galicia another statistically significant increase in the incidence of deaths was observed in the early spring. In the rich and modern villages of Wielkopolska there was no spring increase in the number of deaths, however, in all populations of Wielkopolska, irrespective of a particular pattern, a secondary mortality peak occurred in the late summer and autumn. Statistical tests used in this study did not show any clear differences in the distribution of the seasonality of deaths between the populations of Wielkopolska on the one hand, and the populations from Galicia and Silesia, on the other hand. The statistical significance of differences was, however, evident between populations representing the two distinguished by secondary peaks death seasonality patterns. Seasonal death increase split the populations under study into two groups according to the criterion of wealth

The plague’s impact paleodemographic and genetic measures in 15th to 16th century Gdańsk

Yersinia pestis caused plagues and haunted Gdańsk several times during the 15th and 16th centuries. This study focuses on the following demographic effects: 1/ distributions of deceased by age in a plagued city, 2/ parameters of the life tables, 3/ estimation of the natural increase. To assess genetic effects of the plague, measures of the opportunity for natural selection were considered. Skeletal remains of 283 people from the 15th – 16th century ossuary 3009 from the Dominican Monastery in Gdańsk provided research material. Yersinia pestis DNA in this skeletal material has already been found (Morozowa et al. 2017, 2020). Distributions of the deceased by age in the study sample were compared with those for Gdańsk before the plague and with those for the mass burial of plague victims in the 14th century Lübeck. Neither catastrophic mortality was found in the material studied, nor selective nature of the plague with regard to sex and age had been demonstrated. Using the Weiss method, the rate of natural increase r=–0.005 was reconstructed. With the wide dating range of the ossuary and the fact that it contains results of both the epidemic and “normal” mortality, the natural increase value at this level seems justified. There was a deterioration in the values of life tables parameters, especially life expectancy. Newborn life expectancy dropped to 19.5–22.6 years and for a 20-year-old to 17.7 years. The measures of opportunity for natural selection also deteriorated primarily due to child mortality: the biological state index Ibs values were low (within the 0.3–0.4 range) and values of the Im Crow’s index about 1.0. Natural selection also acted on adults as evidenced by values of the gross potential reproduction rate Rpot below 0.7. Demographically the study sample was at the level of the early Middle Ages rather than the Rennaisance

Sleep disorders in chronically dialyzed patients

Sleep disorders are a significant problem in the dialysis patient population. They range from 30 to 80% of patients with kidney disease. Sleep submergers carry a wide range of consequences, both psychological and somatic. Obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia are the most common sleep disturbances among dialysis patients. The aim of the study was to analyze the conditions and the most frequently occurring sleep disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease, dialyzed based on the subject literature review. Sleep disorders are both quantitative and qualitative. They carry numerous negative effects in the sphere of mental and somatic health of the patient, they decrease the overall quality of life. They heighten the already increased cardiovascular risk in the dialysis population. Therefore, early recognition and treatment of sleep disorders in dialysis patients is important. Periodic assessment of the sleep quality of a dialysis patient should be included in the therapy standard

Rights and obligations of the patients in the primary health care

The rights patient as a set of rights due to the use of health services in Poland result from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. They are regulated by the whole regulations. The aim of this work is to present the rights patient and duties in primary care

Primary health care tasks related to the care of chronically ill children

An intensive increase in the occurrence of chronic diseases in the population of children and adolescents is observed. These diseases may disturb the child's psycho-physical development process and the education process. Early diagnosis and coordinated therapy at the level of primary care may limit these disorders. The work of a nurse in the teaching and upbringing environment, which is a link between communication between the health care system and the school environment, is invaluable. Its full range of services allows early detection of disorders in the development and health of the child and development of an individual childcare plan with the parent and teachers taking into account the teaching process.The aim of the work was to present the tasks of the primary care system in the provision of care for chronically diseases children

Morphology and morphometry of frontal sinuses as a tool in sex determination based on 17th–18th century skulls from Poland

Morphological analysis of the frontal sinuses (FS) is one of the methods used to assess the sex of human remains. Depending on the methods, the results indicate the effectiveness of using the FS in the assessment of sex at the level of 60–85.9%. Our goal was to determine whether the morphological and morphometric methods of sex assessment based on the FS can be used for examining historical populations in anthropological studies. We assessed FS both morphologically and morphometrically on a sample of 76 dry skulls (41 females and 35 males) from 17th–18th century form Poland to evaluate the potential of applying this method for sex estimation in human remains. A total of 76 X–rays were taken in both frontal and lateral views. The morphology and morphometry of the FS were assessed with ImageJ software. There were no significant differences between the sexes in assessing the outline of the upper border of the FS, as well as the number of partial septa. There was a statistically significant difference between the sexes in the width of the right FS, the height of the right and left FS, and the right and left area of the FS. The lateral view indicated a statistically significant difference between the sexes regarding the depth and area of the FS. The accuracy rate in classifying males and females using FS morphometry ranged from 59.09% to 69.57%. The FS in the lateral view (69.57%) and the height of the left FS in the frontal view (68.18%) are the most appropriate regressors for sex determination. Statistically significant differences in some FS measurements between the sexes do not appear to be a sufficient indicator of sex. Morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the FS should not be used as a guideline for sex assessment in the historical Polish population

Differences in lifestyle between students of medical and biological fields of study in Poland

Students are a specific social group characterized by different lifestyle behaviours.The aim of the study was to determine whether there are lifestyle differences between students of medical and biological fields from three different universities in Poland.The research material consisted of answers from 1163 students (781 women and 382 men), aged 17.5– 26.0 from the medical faculty of the Wroclaw Medical University, biological faculties of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw and the University of Lodz. The survey included questions regarding gender, socio-demographic situation, lifestyle and eating habits. Students also provided height and weight data, which was used for BMI calculation. Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to indicate differences in BMI between students and to estimate differences in lifestyle between students from three different university centres.Medical students exhibited significantly lower BMI values compared to students from other academic centres. They also more often reported doing additional sports and assessed their overall level of physical activity significantly higher compared to students from other academic centres. Biology students reported to sleep longer and being more exhausted compared to medical students. Biology students tended to drink sugar-sweetened beverages and eat fast-food significantly more often than medical students. Students from the medical faculty in Wroclaw reported to smoke cigarettes less often compared to students from non-medical study. There were no significant differences in other studied factors, such as the use of alcohol, snacking between the meals and consumption of energy drinks.Overall, students of medical fields reported a healthier lifestyle compared to their peers from biological faculties, although this was not consistent for all examined factors

Genome diversity in the Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture and the spread of Indo-European languages

It is unclear whether Indo-European languages in Europe spread from the Pontic steppes in the late Neolithic, or from Anatolia in the Early Neolithic. Under the former hypothesis, people of the Globular Amphorae culture (GAC) would be descended from Eastern ancestors, likely representing the Yamnaya culture. However, nuclear (six individuals typed for 597 573 SNPs) and mitochondrial (11 complete sequences) DNA from the GAC appear closer to those of earlier Neolithic groups than to the DNA of all other populations related to the Pontic steppe migration. Explicit comparisons of alternative demographic models via approximate Bayesian computation confirmed this pattern. These results are not in contrast to Late Neolithic gene flow from the Pontic steppes into Central Europe. However, they add nuance to this model, showing that the eastern affinities of the GAC in the archaeological record reflect cultural influences from other groups from the East, rather than the movement of people

POLISH KASHUBIANS AND CHOSEN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS - GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES.

POLISH KASHUBIANS AND CHOSEN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS - GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES. On the basis of allele frequencies of two blood group systems: ABO and Rh (locus D), the mutual genetic similarities and differences between the Kashubians from Hel Peninsula and Pomerania and the rest of population from Poland and inhabitants of the Baltic countries have been evaluated. Genetic analysis was accompanied by demographic measures delining the degree of isolation of the two Kashubian groups and other Poles living contemporarily, and in the 2nd half of the 19'1' century