Diagnóstico e avaliação dos reatores UASB da ETE Paranoá-DF

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.O desenvolvimento de projetos de tratamento anaeróbio de esgoto que conciliam custos e simplicidade operacional intensificaram nos últimos anos. Com isso, estudos tornaram possível o aproveitamento energético do metano gerado principalmente em reatores UASB. Contudo, a melhoria da eficiência energética nesses reatores depende do conhecimento sobre as características operacionais e construtivas, assim como do processo biológico. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi realizar o diagnóstico dos reatores UASB da ETE Paranoá/DF, para otimizar o tratamento anaeróbio e avaliar o aproveitamento do biogás. O trabalho foi realizado sobre os objetivos específicos: a) Avaliação estrutural e operacional dos reatores e influências do tratamento prelminar, detectando problemas que interferem na eficiência do tratamento; b) Caracterização físicoquímica e biológica do afluente e efluente dos reatores para dar suporte às avaliações estruturais e operacionais; c) Avaliação do desempenho dos reatores, por meio de balanço de massa de DQO; d) Avaliação da produção de metano e seu potencial de aproveitamento como fonte de energia. Os resultados mostraram que na ETE Paranoá foram realizadas modificações nas unidades de tratamento, que influenciam diretamente na eficiência do tratamento anaeróbio. O tratamento preliminar está sobrecarregado e carreia sólidos grosseiros para dentro do UASB. Os reatores apresentaram diversos problemas estruturais e específicos ao funcionamento da unidade. Durante as caracterizações físico-químicas e biológicas, os reatores apresentaram estabilidade quanto à pH, alcalinidade e ácidos orgânicos voláteis (AOV). Entretanto, foi observado que cada reator apresentou eficiências de remoções diferentemente do outro quanto à DQO e SS. A caracterização biológica confirmou as observações levantadas durante a caracterização operacional que influenciam diretamente na formação dos grânulos. Posteriormente, o balanço de massa com os dados obtidos das análises permitiu determinar as condições atuais de produção de metano nos reatores e indicou que o modelo e a metodologia utilizados não foram suficientes para representar as conversões de todas as parcelas de DQO. Os valores percentuais de DQO convertido em metano recuperado são muito baixos, indicando a necessidade de novas reformas na estação para que a produção e coleta do gás sejam maximizadas

A comparison of the growth performance between cattle reared in conventional systems and in feral condition

Feral and conventional growth performances were compared using Marismeña cattle as a model. Marismeña calves are commonly reared under feral conditions in one of the most important reserves of Europe (Doñana National Park, Spain). Data recording in these natural conditions faces compromises as animals are only handled once per year. This fact has to be saved to obtain efficient estimations for the biological growth curve of cattle reared under feral conditions. On the one hand, we assessed the inference of the theoretical influence of human management on cattle growth. On the other hand, we studied the fitness of the best growth curve, in both feral and conventional systems to use the physiological meaning of the parameters obtained from their study as selection criteria related to the adaptability of potential breeding males and females. Fitting of Brody's, von Bertalanffy, Verhulst, logistic, Gompertz and Richards’ models was tested as these models are the most representative ones for cattle growth. In general, Brody's and Richards’ models presented the best fitting values for the biological curve. According to the biological curve parameters, males and females presented asymptotic weights of 641.71 kg and 403.55 kg, respectively. As expected, the results of the commercial growth curve severely differed from those of the biological curve. The best fitting biological curve was not representative for cattle reared under commercial conditions. The logistic model was the best fitting one for feral females, Gompertz model for feral males, and Verhulst for intensive males and females, respectively. Seasonal oscillations in feeding may be responsible for the earlier achievement of the best performance in feral cattle (7 and 10 months for males and females, respectively), while such best performances were reached at 11 months in intensive calves, what becomes relevant for management and slaughtering decision-making. The study of the biological curve in Marismeña feral breed is very illustrative as this is the first time that feral cattle's growth is approached. Knowledge on the biological growth curve parameters could be used to interpret the strong relation between feral animals and their environment. This research could infer a model to quantify the effects of human management on livestock development, as feral resources offer unique opportunities to study domestic livestock without any human influence.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Urban agriculture and food security: a case study in Maringá, PR, Brazil

The urbanization resulting from Brazilian industrialization after World War II influenced the development and infrastructure aspects of urban centers. This generated a growth of the urban population, resulting in socioeconomic structural problems related to public health, education, food insecurity, among others. Urban agriculture consists of agriculture activities within urban spaces and can promote food security to those who practice it and to those who benefit from its access. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of urban agriculture on food security. The research was carried out in community gardens in the city of Maringá, Brazil, using the EBIA method, with procedures of descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression. The results indicate that the activity did not contribute to the food security of people who depend on the resources generated, whether for consumption or income

pKBuS13, a KPC-2-Encoding Plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 833, Carrying Tn4401b Inserted into an Xer Site-Specific Recombination Locus

Here, we report the first detection of a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase 2 (KPC-2)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain belonging to sequence type 833 (ST833), collected in an Italian hospital from a patient coming from South America. Its bla KPC determinant was carried by a ColE1 plasmid, pKBuS13, that showed the Tn4401b::bla KPC-2 transposon inserted into the regulatory region of an Xer site-specific recombination locus. This interfered with the correct resolution of plasmid multimers into monomers, lowering plasmid stability and leading to overestimation of the number of plasmids harbored by a single host cell. Sequencing of the fragments adjacent to Tn4401b detected a region that did not have significant matches in databases other than the genome of a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strain collected during the same year at a hospital in Boston. This is interesting in an epidemiologic context, as it suggests that despite the absence of tra genes and the instability under nonselective conditions, the circulation of pKBuS13 or of analogous plasmids might be wider than reported

A CETOSE LACTACIONAL EM CAPRINO MANTIDOS EM SISTEMA INTENSIVO E EXTENSIVO

Em cabras leiteiras, as incidências de doenças metabólicas no pós-parto são na ordem de 30%. A cetose metabólica enquadra-se nessa categoria, sendo que neste estudo foi abordado a cetose lactacional. Nesses animais, o controle e diagnóstico da cetose é realizada no período pós-parto através da determinação de β-hidroxibutirato, um dos corpos cetónicos resultado da mobilização de gorduras, em quadros de balanço energético negativo. Este trabalho foi conduzido na região do Alentejo com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração sanguínea de β-hidroxibutirato em cabras da raça Murciano-Granadina mantidas em sistema extensivo (n = 15) e intensivo (n = 15). Os níveis de β-hidroxibutirato foram determinados no 1º, 8º e 15º dias pós-parto com o auxílio do Medidor GlucoMen LX Plus®. Os valores superiores a 0,5mmol/l e inferiores a 0,8mmol/l são considerados indicativos de cetose subclínica e valores superiores a 0,8mmol/l de cetose clínica. As concentrações obtidas foram semelhantes entre os sistemas de produção, com médias que variaram entre 0.3 e 0.4mmol/l apresentando ausência de cetose, revelando, no entanto, níveis mais elevados no 1º dia do que aos 15 dias pós-parto. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram também, que, ao contrário do esperado o número de crias não influenciou os níveis de BHB no grupo de cabras em sistema extensivo

Study of Gas Tracers for CO2 monitoring

AbstractGas tracers have been tested for monitoring and detecting CO2 displacement in the underground and eventually leakages to the upper layers in geological storage sites. Commonly used tracers are perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). In Brazil, we are carrying out gas tracers studies in laboratory for further application in field test facilities. These experiments consist of injecting CO2 with perfluorocarbon (perfluoropropane – PP and perfluormethylcyclopentane – PMCP) at low pressure (ca. 290 psi) in pressurized vessels with different types of sediments and soil samples. After flowing through the sample pores, the tracer is adsorbed into a capillary adsorption tube (CAT) with a specific fiber for perfluorcabon. Then, the tracer is extracted from the CAT through a Thermal Desorption System and subsequently analyzed in a Gas Chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (GC -ECD). The objective of these experiments is to evaluate the PFCs as a monitoring tool, analyzing the tracer retention times in different sediments, as well as understanding the CATs adsorption capacity and performance. After laboratory tests, field experiments will be conducted in the course of this project. Several experiments of CO2 injection and controlled leaks will be developed in shallow vertical wells at the project site as a continuity of the experiments started at Ressacada Farm Site (Florianópolis, Brazil). The project aim is to understand the flow and dispersion of CO2 in soil and atmosphere simulating an eventual leakage from a geological reservoir using an automated system with a dedicated module for tracers injection into CO2 stream

Deferral of assessment of pulmonary embolism

We evaluated a simplified algorithm for safely postponing diagnostic imaging for pulmonary embolism (PE). At the index visit, patients were identified as being at high or low risk of PE; the former received full dosage low molecular weight heparin while the latter were left untreated until performance of diagnostic imaging (max 72 hours). During this period, no thromboembolic events occurred in low-risk patients (0/211, 0.% [upper 95% CI 0.9%]); only one event occurred in those at high-risk (1/125, 0.8% [upper 95% CI, 1.2]). Our study demonstrates that diagnostic imaging for PE can be safely deferred for up to 3 days

The impact of genetic groups (Alentejano and F1 Landrace x Large White pigs) and body weight (90, 120 and 160kg) on blood metabolites

Áreas de pesquisa: AgricultureThis research work was carried out with the goal of studying the impact of genetic groups-GG (Alentejano-AL, n = 30, and F1 Landrace*Large White-F1 pigs, n = 30) and body weight-BW (90, 120 and 160 kg) on plasma metabolites. Blood parameters were correlated with animal production traits, carcass measurements and meat quality. Individual records for feed conversion index (CI) and daily feed intake were recorded on a weekly basis, for a period of 15 weeks. Compared to the F1, AL pigs displayed (P <0.05) higher average levels of glucose, total cholesterol-TC, triglycerides-TG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and total protein (TP), by about 14.0, 21.0, 42.2, 18.2, 21.2 and 5.0%, respectively. AL pigs (120–160 kg) showed higher TG levels, when compared to the values at 90 kg (2.6 and 1.6 times higher). High TG levels occurred when animals exhibited high daily feed intake (0.450 and 1.810 kg, for AL and F1 pigs). In the AL high TG levels were correlated with high fat deposition, at 120 kg (r = 0.51). At 90 kg, however, high fat deposition was related to HDL (r = 0.59), a lipoprotein associated to cholesterol transport. A progressive increase in ALB was found in the F1, as expected, but AL pigs showed higher and similar ALB means at 90, 120 and 160 kg. As for meat color, AL pigs with high cholesterol were negatively associated to L*, while high TG levels were associated to low b*. Animals with high ALB produced more tender meats (low shear force). Pigs with higher levels of lipid metabolism showed Longissimus thoracis muscles with decreased luminosity and yellowness (meats of a less attractive appearance). However, these meats were tenderer.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evolution of the use of “quality brands” in meat from small ruminant breeds (threatened with extinction) to foster animal conservation

A brief overview is presented of the main aspects involved in evolution of use of the term “quality branding” of meats from small ruminants, particularly those of endangered breeds, in support of their conservation. The assessment of IGP and DOP certifications, associated with product type, market preferences and volume of meats certified by associations of sheep and goat producers indicates that these “brands of quality” have not been successful in serving as mechanisms in support of conservation efforts of endangered breeds. To address this situation, a new proposal for quality assurance indicated by the branding “100% raza autóctona” (100% native breed) is currently being assessed and implemented in Spain. This branding involves interested parties at three levels (production, transformation, and commercialization), is compatible with DOP/IGP products, and seeks to stimulate the market for products derived from native breeds. It can be used to certify all products obtained from a breed recognized as native, including meat, milk, leather, fiber, as well as processed products

Uma avaliação do PRONAF sob a ótica dos produtores rurais beneficiados no assentamento Santa Apolônia em mirante do Paranapanema-SP

Atualmente, os produtores rurais assentados têm acesso, em certa medida, a um conjunto de instrumentos da política pública, dentre eles o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). Este, foi criado em 1996 com o objetivo de fomentar o desenvolvimento sustentável e melhorar o nível de produção, de renda e de empregos dos agricultores familiares. Avaliar o efeito do programa é importante para direcionamentos futuros. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral avaliar o PRONAF sob a ótica dos produtores rurais beneficiados pelo programa no assentamento Santa Apolônia em Mirante do Paranapanema-SP. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento (survey) e utilizado um formulário como instrumento de coleta, contendo perguntas estruturadas, visando identificar e mensurar a referida avaliação. Por intermédio da estatística descritiva, foram sintetizadas as informações socioeconômicas e financeiras dos produtores rurais, bem como as avaliações sobre os processos de implantação, produto da implantação e resultado do PRONAF. E, por meio de um modelo de regressão logística, descreveu-se especificamente a chance de um produtor rural estar satisfeito com o resultado do PRONAF como uma função da avaliação geral dos processos de implantação e do produto da implantação do programa. Os resultados apontam que há satisfação com o PRONAF, contudo, os baixos preços dos produtos agropecuários, a restrição ao crédito e a falta de maior aproximação à assistência técnica têm desestimulado os produtores. Além disso, a chance de um produtor desse assentamento estar satisfeito com o resultado do programa aumenta aproximadamente duas vezes, quanto maior for a sua satisfação com o produto da implantação, não sendo significativa a etapa de implantação