31 research outputs found

    Étude du colmatage des filtres THE plans et à petits plis par des agrégats de nanoparticules simulant un aérosol de combustion

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    Accès restreint aux membres de l'Université de Lorraine jusqu'au 2016-01-01In nuclear facilities, airborne particles are the vector of most of the radiological contamination. For this reason, pleated HEPA filters are one of the containment devices which are actively studied by the IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) to ensure the safety of nuclear exploitation. To avoid contamination of the environment, the understanding of the behavior of the filters especially in accidental situation has to be as exhaustive as possible. The most probable accident and the most penalizing for the containment devices is fire which leads to a massive soot particle production. In this case, the clogging of the filters is a problematic which has to be taken into account. Up to now, an empirical correlation has been developed to predict the pressure drop increase. The empirical nature of this correlation doesn’t allow its use in all situations. A phenomenological understanding and model of the clogging is then necessary. The following PhD work aims to reduce the pressure drop evolution to physical observations for each step of the clogging in order to model it on the most physical basis as possible. To do so, the study has been divided in two parts. The first one focusing on the behavior of flat filter by measuring the penetration of particles inside the medium and the porosity of the deposit formed on its surface. In the second part a small scale experiment based on a single pleat has been developed. Accumulation of the particles inside the pleat has been directly observed, deformation of the pleat as well as airflow in the pleat (using a PIV method) has been measured. During these experiments, pressure drop has been monitored and the measured parameters have been linked to the pressure drop evolution. Finality is to build a simple analytical model to predict the pressure drop evolution of the filters as a function of the deposited mass, the aerosol characteristics and the ventilation conditions. The main perspective opened by these results is the validation of complete numerical models to overcome the experimental limits. The logical extension of this work will be the study of the interaction of a clogged filter with temperature, air moisture and chemical aggressionDans les installations nucléaires, les particules en suspension sont le vecteur d’une grande partie de la contamination radiologique. Pour cette raison, l'IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) étudie les filtres THE (Très Haute Efficacité) plissés qui sont l'un des dispositifs permettant assurer la sécurité de l'exploitation nucléaire. Pour éviter les rejets dans l'environnement, la compréhension du comportement des filtres en particulier dans la situation accidentelle doit être aussi exhaustive que possible. L'accident le plus probable et le plus pénalisant pour les dispositifs de confinement est l’incendie qui conduit à une production massive de particules de suie. Dans ce cas, le colmatage des filtres est un problème qui doit être pris en compte. Jusqu'à présent, une corrélation empirique a été développée pour prédire l'augmentation de perte de charge. Toutefois, le caractère empirique de cette corrélation ne permet pas son utilisation dans toutes les situations. Une compréhension phénoménologique et un modèle de colmatage est alors nécessaire. Le travail de thèse qui suit vise à lier l'évolution de la perte de charge à des observations physiques pour chaque étape du colmatage. Pour ce faire, l'étude a été divisée en deux parties. La première se focalise sur le comportement du filtre plan en mesurant la pénétration de particules à l'intérieur du medium et la porosité du dépôt formé sur sa surface. La deuxième partie consiste en une expérience à petite échelle basée sur un seul pli. L'accumulation de particules à l'intérieur du pli a été directement observée, de plus, la déformation du pli ainsi que les écoulements d'air dans le pli (en utilisant une méthode de PIV) ont été mesurés. Au cours de ces expériences, la perte de charge a été mesurée et les paramètres mesurés ont été liés à l'évolution de la perte de charge. La finalité est de construire un modèle analytique simple afin de prédire l'évolution de la perte de charge des filtres en fonction de la masse déposée, des caractéristiques de l'aérosol et des conditions aérauliques. La principale perspective ouverte par ces résultats est la validation des modèles numériques complets pour surmonter les limites expérimentales. Le prolongement logique de ce travail sera l'étude du comportement d'un filtre colmaté soumis à des contraintes de température, d’humidité et aux agressions chimiques de produits de combustio

    Experimental study of plane and pleated HEPA filters clogged by particles simulating a combustion aerosol

    No full text
    Dans les installations nucléaires, les particules en suspension sont le vecteur d’une grande partie de la contamination radiologique. Pour cette raison, l'IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) étudie les filtres THE (Très Haute Efficacité) plissés qui sont l'un des dispositifs permettant assurer la sécurité de l'exploitation nucléaire. Pour éviter les rejets dans l'environnement, la compréhension du comportement des filtres en particulier dans la situation accidentelle doit être aussi exhaustive que possible. L'accident le plus probable et le plus pénalisant pour les dispositifs de confinement est l’incendie qui conduit à une production massive de particules de suie. Dans ce cas, le colmatage des filtres est un problème qui doit être pris en compte. Jusqu'à présent, une corrélation empirique a été développée pour prédire l'augmentation de perte de charge. Toutefois, le caractère empirique de cette corrélation ne permet pas son utilisation dans toutes les situations. Une compréhension phénoménologique et un modèle de colmatage est alors nécessaire. Le travail de thèse qui suit vise à lier l'évolution de la perte de charge à des observations physiques pour chaque étape du colmatage. Pour ce faire, l'étude a été divisée en deux parties. La première se focalise sur le comportement du filtre plan en mesurant la pénétration de particules à l'intérieur du medium et la porosité du dépôt formé sur sa surface. La deuxième partie consiste en une expérience à petite échelle basée sur un seul pli. L'accumulation de particules à l'intérieur du pli a été directement observée, de plus, la déformation du pli ainsi que les écoulements d'air dans le pli (en utilisant une méthode de PIV) ont été mesurés. Au cours de ces expériences, la perte de charge a été mesurée et les paramètres mesurés ont été liés à l'évolution de la perte de charge. La finalité est de construire un modèle analytique simple afin de prédire l'évolution de la perte de charge des filtres en fonction de la masse déposée, des caractéristiques de l'aérosol et des conditions aérauliques. La principale perspective ouverte par ces résultats est la validation des modèles numériques complets pour surmonter les limites expérimentales. Le prolongement logique de ce travail sera l'étude du comportement d'un filtre colmaté soumis à des contraintes de température, d’humidité et aux agressions chimiques de produits de combustionIn nuclear facilities, airborne particles are the vector of most of the radiological contamination. For this reason, pleated HEPA filters are one of the containment devices which are actively studied by the IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) to ensure the safety of nuclear exploitation. To avoid contamination of the environment, the understanding of the behavior of the filters especially in accidental situation has to be as exhaustive as possible. The most probable accident and the most penalizing for the containment devices is fire which leads to a massive soot particle production. In this case, the clogging of the filters is a problematic which has to be taken into account. Up to now, an empirical correlation has been developed to predict the pressure drop increase. The empirical nature of this correlation doesn’t allow its use in all situations. A phenomenological understanding and model of the clogging is then necessary. The following PhD work aims to reduce the pressure drop evolution to physical observations for each step of the clogging in order to model it on the most physical basis as possible. To do so, the study has been divided in two parts. The first one focusing on the behavior of flat filter by measuring the penetration of particles inside the medium and the porosity of the deposit formed on its surface. In the second part a small scale experiment based on a single pleat has been developed. Accumulation of the particles inside the pleat has been directly observed, deformation of the pleat as well as airflow in the pleat (using a PIV method) has been measured. During these experiments, pressure drop has been monitored and the measured parameters have been linked to the pressure drop evolution. Finality is to build a simple analytical model to predict the pressure drop evolution of the filters as a function of the deposited mass, the aerosol characteristics and the ventilation conditions. The main perspective opened by these results is the validation of complete numerical models to overcome the experimental limits. The logical extension of this work will be the study of the interaction of a clogged filter with temperature, air moisture and chemical aggressio

    Coulombic force contribution to nano scale aerosol capture by a wire grid: Quantitative comparison of experiments and simulations

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    International audienceFibers of filter media and aerosol particles both typically have some distributions of electric charge. Attractive coulombic interactions between charged particles and fibers enhance aerosol filtration efficiency; however, these coulombic interactions are difficult to characterize due to the complex, nonuniform fiber charge, diameter and spacing of typical filter media. We develop an experimental filter assembly to control these coulombic interactions. The filter assembly consists of three sequential electrically isolated metallic grids-high voltage is applied to the middle grid and the adjacent outer grids are electrically grounded such that the electric potential distribution in the filter assembly is well-defined. We test this filter assembly with aerosols of controlled diameter (ranging between ~70-500 nm) and electric charge (1e-), and systematically increase the applied voltage to the middle grid to enhance coulombic interactions and consequently the filter efficiency. We develop particle trajectory simulations to model our experimental filter assembly such that all parameters in the simulation have direct basis from the experimental system. We find excellent quantitative agreement between the filter efficiency measured in experiments and predicted from simulations without any fitting parameters. The precise control and accurate simulation of coulombic interactions demonstrated in this study indicate that the experimental and simulation methodologies developed here may be applied to uncover fundamental insights into the role of coulombic forces in more complex phenomena such as filter clogging

    Association of fibrous filters for aerosol filtration in predominant Brownian diffusion conditions

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    International audienceIn order to improve the dust retention capacity of air filters and increase their lifetime, the filtration performance of associations of fibrous filters has been investigated. This study highlighted the interest of the addition of a medium or coarse filter, composed of microfibers, upstream of a HEPA filter. Collecting nanostructured particles in the depth of this upstream filter, rather than directly on the surface of a HEPA filter, permits to significantly reduce the pressure drop increase while maintaining a global mass collection efficiency close to the unit. On the one hand, the association of a medium filter and a HEPA filter induces a real energy gain, compared to the implementation of a single HEPA filter. On the other hand, the implementation of a coarse filter, presenting a too low initial collection efficiency, upstream of a HEPA filter leads to mixed results

    Evaluation of coulomb force contribution on the filtration of aerosols using a well-characterized metallic grid

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    National audienceWe present an experimental and numerical methodology through which we can compare the filtration efficiencies taking into account a precise description ofthe electrostatic force between a spherical particle and a fiber.Nous présentons une méthodologie expérimentale et numérique grâce à laquelle nous pouvons comparer les efficacités de filtration en prenant en compte une description précise de la force électrostatique entre une particule sphérique et une fibre

    Measurement of the porosity of a pseudo-spherical nanostructured particle deposit formed by filtration

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    International audienceIn many applications involving nanoparticles, the question of controlling the properties of the films formed (particularly in terms of porosity) remains incomplete. These applications cover an extensive array of fields ranging from the manufacture of nanofilms to the prediction of the pressure drop of nanoparticle films formed on the surface of air purification filters. A review of the literature shows that the porosity of nanometric particle deposits has mainly been studied by numerical simulation. The few experimental studies conducted have focused on micron-sized particles or nanoparticle aggregates under limited operating conditions. The objective of this study is to confirm the porosity results of nanometric particle deposits obtained by the previous simulations and to correlate the porosity with relevant dimensionless numbers. The changes in porosity according to the various operating conditions confirm those obtained during the numerical simulations. All the experimental porosity values could be correlated to the Stokes number alone

    Pressure drop model for nanostructured deposits

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    International audienceThis study presents a new pressure drop model developed for cakes composed of nanostructured particles. The cake structure is understood as a tangle of chains composed by juxtaposed primary particles with (aggregates) or without (agglomerates) a partial overlap. Since cake porosity is one of the main parameters determining aeraulic resistance, an experiment protocol based on the changes in deposit thickness as a function of the cake mass per surface area has been developed to accurately determine this parameter. To this end, the pressure drop and the porosity of the cakes created by the filtration of carbon nanoparticles aggregates and agglomerates on PTFE membrane were measured. The aggregate and agglomerate count median mobility diameters range from 91 nm to 170 nm and from 48 nm to 62 nm, respectively. The associated Peclet numbers range from 0.19 to 53 for filtration velocities of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.09 m/s. Initial experimental results indicate that the porosity of the cakes ranges from 0.94 to 0.984 in correlation with the Peclet number of the aggregates or agglomerates. The agreement between experimental results and the pressure drop model is fairly good. Of the experimental values, 95% are within plus or minus 25% of the theoretical value
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