Étude du comportement d'agrégation des larves nécrophages de Diptères : de l'individuel au collectif

Aggregation behaviour is considered as the first step toward higher level of sociality. The understanding of the key factors that permit the emergence of a collective decision in a large group composed of simple individuals (having a limited knowledge of their close environment) is fundamental to deciphering the evolution of sociality. To date, a largemajority of the publications are focused on eusocial species, especially those forming monospecific groups. Conversely, necrophagous Diptera larvae (maggot) form large heterospecific groups that can contain thousands individuals on a same decaying carrion, which offer several benefits (heat production, enzymes). Regarding these observations, such insects appear as a good biological model in the evolutionary context of the study of collective behaviour. This thesis work aim to highlight and quantify aggregation phenomenon in Lucilia sericata larvae (Diptera : Calliphoridae) and mechanisms underlying such grouping. After a descriptive introduction about mixed-species groups in arthropods,we demonstrated, for the first time, an active aggregation behaviour of larvae. We also highlighted an attractive/retentive effect on larvae of cuticular signal deposit on the ground by individuals and recognize by congeners. Such chemical recognition was probably due to the utilization of a characteristic exploratory behaviour which we described and quantified : the scanning. Then, we highlighted the ability of two phylogenetically and ecologically close related species, L. sericata and Calliphora vomitoria, to collectively choose in monospecific and heterospecific groups. These results suggested the existence of an interspecific recognition of aggregation cues (e.g. larval signal). Finally, we highlightedspecific thermal preferendum, and the ability of larvae to collectively choose such temperature. As a whole, this thesis work offer original knowledges about social life of such groups. It opens up promising perspectives on the study of interspecific collective behaviour and evolutionary benefits of aggregation.Le comportement d’agrégation est considéré comme le premier pas vers des niveaux de socialité supérieurs. La compréhension des facteurs clés permettant l’émergence des décisions collectives chez les groupes composés d’individus simples (ayant une connaissance limitée de leur environnement) est donc fondamentale pour étudier l’évolution de la socialité. A l’heure actuelle, la majorité des études se sont focalisées sur les espèces les plus sociales, et notamment celles formant des groupes monospécifiques. A contrario, les larves nécrophages de Diptères (asticots) forment sur un même cadavre des agrégats hétérospécifiques pouvant contenir des milliers d’individus, leur offrant divers bénéfices (production de chaleur, d’enzymes). De part ces observations in natura, ces insectes apparaissent être un bon modèle biologique dans un contexte évolutif d’étude des comportements collectifs. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à mettre en évidence et quantifier les phénomènes d’agrégations des larves de Lucilia sericata (Diptera : Calliphoridae) et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces regroupements. Après une description introductive des groupes hétérospécifiques chez les arthropodes, nous présentons pour la première fois la démonstration expérimentale d’un comportement d’agrégation actif des larves. Nous avons également démontré l’effet d’attraction/rétention sur les larves d’un composé cuticulaire déposé au sol par les individus et reconnu par leurs congénères. Cette reconnaissance se fait probablement via l’utilisation d’un comportement exploratoire caractéristique que nous avons décrit et quantifié : le scanning. Puis, nous avons mis en évidence la capacité des larves de deux espèces proches phylogénétiquement et écologiquement, L. sericata et Calliphora vomitoria, à faire un choix collectif en groupe monospécifique comme en hétérospécifique. Ces résultats suggèrent l’existence d’une reconnaissance interspécifique de vecteurs d’agrégation (e.g. le signal larvaire). Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’existence de préférendums thermiques chez ces espèces, et la capacité des larves à sélectionner collectivement cette température préférentielle. Dans son ensemble, ce travail offre des connaissances inédites sur la vie de ces groupes. Il ouvre des perspectives d’étude prometteuses sur les comportements collectifs interspécifiques et les bénéfices évolutifs liés à l’agrégation

SPOT: A strategic life-cycle-assessment-based methodology and tool for cosmetic product eco-design

ABSTRACT: The cosmetics industry is facing growing pressure to offer more sustainable products, which can be tackled by applying eco-design. This article aims to present the Sustainable Product Optimization Tool (SPOT) methodology developed by L’Oréal to eco-design its cosmetic products and the strategies adopted for its implementation while presenting the challenges encountered along the way. The SPOT methodology is based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a finished product and its subsystems (formula, packaging, manufacturing and distribution). Several environmental indicators are assessed, normalized and weighted based on the planetary boundaries concept, and then aggregated into a single footprint. A product sustainability index (a single rating, easy to interpret) is then obtained by merging the environmental product rating derived from the single environmental footprint with the social rating (not covered here). The use of the SPOT method is shown by two case studies. The implementation of SPOT, based on specific strategic and managerial measures (corporate and brand targets, Key Performance Indicators, and financial incentives) is discussed. These measures have enabled L’Oréal to have 97% of their products stated as eco-designed in 2022. SPOT shows how eco-design can be implemented on a large scale without compromising scientific robustness. Eco-design tools must strike the right balance between the complexity of the LCA and the ease of interpretation of the results, and have a robust implementation plan to ensure a successful eco-design strategy

Injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exo Toxins into Host Cells Can Be Modulated by Host Factors at the Level of Translocon Assembly and/or Activity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion apparatus exports and translocates four exotoxins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. The translocation requires two hydrophobic bacterial proteins, PopB and PopD, that are found associated with host cell membranes following infection. In this work we examined the influence of host cell elements on exotoxin translocation efficiency. We developed a quantitative flow cytometry based assay of translocation that used protein fusions between either ExoS or ExoY and the ß-lactamase reporter enzyme. In parallel, association of translocon proteins with host plasma membranes was evaluated by immunodetection of PopB/D following sucrose gradient fractionation of membranes. A pro-myelocytic cell line (HL-60) and a pro-monocytic cell line (U937) were found resistant to toxin injection even though PopB/D associated with host cell plasma membranes. Differentiation of these cells to either macrophage- or neutrophil-like cell lines resulted in injection-sensitive phenotype without significantly changing the level of membrane-inserted translocon proteins. As previous in vitro studies have indicated that the lysis of liposomes by PopB and PopD requires both cholesterol and phosphatidyl-serine, we first examined the role of cholesterol in translocation efficiency. Treatment of sensitive HL-60 cells with methyl-ß-cyclodextrine, a cholesterol-depleting agent, resulted in a diminished injection of ExoS-Bla. Moreover, the PopB translocator was found in the membrane fraction, obtained from sucrose-gradient purifications, containing the lipid-raft marker flotillin. Examination of components of signalling pathways influencing the toxin injection was further assayed through a pharmacological approach. A systematic detection of translocon proteins within host membranes showed that, in addition to membrane composition, some general signalling pathways involved in actin polymerization may be critical for the formation of a functional pore. In conclusion, we provide new insights in regulation of translocation process and suggest possible cross-talks between eukaryotic cell and the pathogen at the level of exotoxin translocation

THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: G protein-coupled receptors

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15538. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate

THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: G protein-coupled receptors.

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15538. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: G protein-coupled receptors.

peer reviewedThe Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24 is the sixth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of approximately 1800 drug targets, and about 6000 interactions with about 3900 ligands. There is an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (https://www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes almost 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.16177. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2023, and supersedes data presented in the 2021/22, 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate

Aggregation behavior of necrophagous Diptera larvae : from individual to collective

Le comportement d'agrégation est considéré par la majorité comme le premier pas vers des niveaux de socialité supérieurs. La compréhension des facteurs clés permettant l’émergence des décisions collectives chez les groupes composés d’individus simples (ayant une connaissance limitée de leur environnement) est fondamentale pour étudier l’évolution de la socialité. A l'heure actuelle, la majorité des études se sont focalisées sur les espèces les plus sociales et notamment celles formant des groupes monospécifiques. Les larves nécrophages de Diptères (asticots) forment sur un même cadavre des agrégats hétérospécifiques pouvant contenir des milliers d'individus leur offrant de nombreux bénéfices (production de chaleur, d’enzymes). De part ces observations in natura, ces insectes sont un bon modèle biologique dans un contexte évolutif de l'étude des comportements collectifs. Ce travail de thèse s'est attaché à mettre en évidence et quantifier les agrégations des larves de Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces regroupements. Après une description des groupes hétérospécifiques chez les arthropodes, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois l'existence d'un comportement d’agrégation actif des larves. Nous avons démontré l'effet d'attraction/rétention sur les larves d'un composé cuticulaire déposé au sol et reconnu par leurs congénères. Ce signal est selon nous un bon candidat comme étant l'un des vecteurs d'agrégation chez cette espèce. Cette reconnaissance se fait via l'utilisation d'un comportement exploratoire caractéristique que nous avons décrit, quantifié et nommé le scanning. Puis, nous avons mis en évidence la capacité des larves de deux espèces proches phylogénétiquement, L. sericata et Calliphora vomitoria, à faire un choix collectif pour un site de nourriture à la fois en groupe monospécifique et en hétérospécifique. Ces résultats démontrent l'existence d'une reconnaissance interspécifique des vecteurs d'agrégation (e.g. le signal larvaire) et notamment les effets d'attraction et de rétention du groupe. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence de préférendum thermique chez ces espèces et leur capacité à sélectionner collectivement cette température préférentielle. Dans son ensemble ce travail offre des connaissances inédites sur la vie de ces groupes et notamment sur notre compréhension des phénomènes de coopération-compétition chez ces insectes d'importance en entomologie forensique (i.e. datation du décès).Gregarism is often considered by scientists as the first step toward the most integrated societies. The understanding of the key factors that permit the emergence of collective decision in large groups composed of simple individual (having a limited knowledge of their close environment) is fundamental to decipher the evolution of sociality. Up to now, most studies are focused on highly social species and especially on those forming monospecific groups. Necrophagous larvae of Diptera (maggots) form mixed-species groups on a same decaying cadaver that can contain thousands individuals offering several benefits (heat and enzymes production). Regarding these observation in nature, these insects are an interesting biological model in the context of the study of collective behaviour. This work aimed to highlight and quantify aggregations of Lucilia sericata larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and underlying mechanisms of such gathering. After an extensive review of mixed-species groups in arthropods, we highlighted for the first time an active aggregation behaviour of larvae. We demonstrated the existence of an attractive/retentive effect of a larval signal (cuticular secretion) deposit on the ground and recognize by congeners. This signal is for us a good candidate to be one of the aggregation vectors in this species. The signal recognition is made by a characteristic exploratory behaviour that we described, quantified and name scanning. Then, we demonstrated a communal collective decision-making in two related larvae species, L. sericata and Calliphora vomitoria, for one food-spot in both monospecific and heterospecific groups. These results highlighted the existence of an interspecific recognition of aggregation vectors (e.g. larval signal) especially the attraction and retention effects of the group. Finally, we demonstrated the existence of thermic preferendum species-dependent and abilities for larvae to collectively choose such temperature. This thesis work allow us new knowledges on group life of such species especially on our comprehension of cooperation-competition phenomenon in these forensically important insects (e.g. datation of the death)

Algorithmes de Reconnaissance Non Coopérative de Cibles et implémentation sur GPU

National audienceIn this paper, first, we present the problem of Non Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) as a supervised classification problem. Then, we use a very simple method of K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to do this classification. We explore and compare the performances of this algorithm based on the choice of the distances and the representation spaces of the data. KNN algorithm will be executed initially on CPU with Matlab and then on GPU using MEX functions of Matlab. Time computing and memory transfert time will be taken into account to evaluate the benefit of such an implementation

Algorithmes de reconnaissance NCTR et parallélisation sur GPU

National audienceDans cet article, nous nous sommes intéressés aux problèmes de reconnaissance noncoopérative de cibles (NCTR) en tant que problème de classification supervisée. Après une présentation du système d'acquisition des profils distance radar et du problème de reconnaissance, suivie d'une étude statistique des données, nous proposons d'utiliser un algorithme des K plus proches voisins (KPPV) dont les performances sont détaillées en fonction du nombre de voisins K, du type de distance utilisée et de la nature des données utilisées (débruitées ou non). Dans un second temps, cet algorithme a été parallélisé sur un processeur many-coeurs (GPU : Graphics Processing Unit). Les opérations arithmétiques et le modèle d'accès mémoire ont été étudiés pour obtenir la meilleure parallélisation des calculs. Enfin, nous terminons par une discussion autour des perspectives envisageables pour la méthode proposée, notamment en s'intéressant à d'autres espaces de représentation ou à d'autres méthodes de classification. ABSTRACT. In this paper, first, we present the problem of Non Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) as a supervised classification problem. After a presentation on the radar acquisition system of range profiles and the problem of recognition, followed by a statistical study of data, we use a classical classification method of K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) to do this classification. We explore and compare the performances of this algorithm based on the choice of the distances, the choice of K and the nature of used data (denoised or not). KNN algorithm has been executed initially on CPU with Matlab and then on GPU. Arithmetic operations and memory access pattern has been studied to get the best parallelization. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about possible perspectives for the proposed method especially by focusing on other representation spaces or other classification methods