Exposition continue aux xéno-hormones à faibles doses chez le rat (effets multi-générationnels de mélanges sur les préférences gustatives, le comportement maternel et le développement)

Durant la dernière décennie, la problématique de santé liée aux perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) s est étendue à la toxicité des mélanges. L objectif de ce travail était de définir les conséquences d une exposition continue à des cocktails des PE, à des doses faibles et définies comme non nocives par les autorités réglementaires. Des mélanges associant la génistéine, la vinclozoline, et le Bisphénol A, ont fait l objet d étude intégrative et multi-générationnelle chez le rat qui prend en compte le comportement maternel, le comportement alimentaire et le développement. Nos résultats montrent que ces mélanges peuvent: a) diminuer le comportement maternel, b) modifier les préférences gustatives (sucré, salé), c) affecter le développement dès la période utérine (malformations) jusqu à l âge adulte (surpoids), d) perturber le bilan métabolique (femelles) et l expression par la glande salivaire de gènes codant des protéines impliquées dans la gustation, d engendrer des effets épigénétiques sur sur la génération F2 non exposée. L étude in vitro confirme que la Génistéine et/ou la Vinclozoline, introduites durant l induction de la différenciation adipocytaire affectent le développement des 3T3-L1et leur activité endocrine (leptine; triglycérides), et révèle que la Vinclozoline potentialise l effet anti-adipogénique de la Génistéine.En conclusion, ce travail montre qu une exposition à des mélanges de PE peut altérer le comportement et le développement, et prédisposer l organisme à développer des maladies métaboliques telles que le diabète et l obésité, mais que les propriétés hormonales de chaque composant ne sont pas prédictives des effets cocktailsDuring the last decade, the issue of health-related endocrine disruptors (ED) has been extended to the toxicity of mixtures. The objective of this study was to define the effects of lifelong exposure to ED mixtures, at low doses defined as "non-harmful" by the authorities. In this aim, the effects of mixtures combining genistein, vinclozolin and bisphenol A, have been investigated in the rat by using an integrative and multi-generational experimental approach which takes into account maternal behavior, feeding behavior and development. Our results show that these mixtures could: a) reduce maternal behavior, b) change taste preferences (sweet, salty), c) affect the development from the in utero period (birth defects) up to adulthood (body overweight) d) disrupt the metabolic balance (females) and the salivary gland expression of genes encoding proteins involved in gustation, and e) generate epigenetic effects on the unexposed F2 generation.An in vitro study confirms that Genistein and / or Vinclozolin, introduced at the step of the induction of adipocyte differentiation affect the development and endocrine activity (leptin, triglycerides) of 3T3-L1 cells and reveals that Vinclozolin potentiates the anti-adipogenic effect of Genistein. To conclude, this study shows that exposure to PE mixtures could affect behavior and development, and could predispose the body to develop metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, but the own hormonal properties of component could not be used to predict the cocktails toxicityDIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Variability of aggressiveness and virulence of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovorum causing the soft rot on potato tubers in the western of Algeria

Soft rot symptoms were observed on potato plants in several potato cultivars in the western part of Algeria. A total of four strains of Erwinia are devided as follow: i) three strains of bacteria isolated from diseased tissues and soil, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp carotovorum using conventional bacteriological and biochemical methods; and ii) one strain as Erwinia sp, not pathogens. In vitro tests, on tuber slices were set up to determine slices weight lost, which allows to find differences in cultivar susceptibility and isolate aggressiveness. Among the five cultivars, Laura was the most susceptible than the others tested cultivars. Moreover, it was found that MAI isolate was the most virulent than the other bacterial isolates. The results of this study should allow an optimization of the potato storage, after considering the susceptibility of a given cultivar to soft rot development and the aggressiveness

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Lifelong exposure to low dose xeno-hormones in rats : multi-generational effects of xeno-hormone mixtures on taste preferences, maternal behavior, and development

Durant la dernière décennie, la problématique de santé liée aux perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) s’est étendue à la toxicité des mélanges. L’objectif de ce travail était de définir les conséquences d’une exposition continue à des cocktails des PE, à des doses faibles et définies comme «non nocives » par les autorités réglementaires. Des mélanges associant la génistéine, la vinclozoline, et le Bisphénol A, ont fait l’objet d’étude intégrative et multi-générationnelle chez le rat qui prend en compte le comportement maternel, le comportement alimentaire et le développement. Nos résultats montrent que ces mélanges peuvent: a) diminuer le comportement maternel, b) modifier les préférences gustatives (sucré, salé), c) affecter le développement dès la période utérine (malformations) jusqu’à l’âge adulte (surpoids), d) perturber le bilan métabolique (femelles) et l’expression par la glande salivaire de gènes codant des protéines impliquées dans la gustation, d’engendrer des effets épigénétiques sur sur la génération F2 non exposée. L’étude in vitro confirme que la Génistéine et/ou la Vinclozoline, introduites durant l’induction de la différenciation adipocytaire affectent le développement des 3T3-L1et leur activité endocrine (leptine; triglycérides), et révèle que la Vinclozoline potentialise l’effet anti-adipogénique de la Génistéine.En conclusion, ce travail montre qu’une exposition à des mélanges de PE peut altérer le comportement et le développement, et prédisposer l’organisme à développer des maladies métaboliques telles que le diabète et l’obésité, mais que les propriétés hormonales de chaque composant ne sont pas prédictives des effets cocktailsDuring the last decade, the issue of health-related endocrine disruptors (ED) has been extended to the toxicity of mixtures. The objective of this study was to define the effects of lifelong exposure to ED mixtures, at low doses defined as "non-harmful" by the authorities. In this aim, the effects of mixtures combining genistein, vinclozolin and bisphenol A, have been investigated in the rat by using an integrative and multi-generational experimental approach which takes into account maternal behavior, feeding behavior and development. Our results show that these mixtures could: a) reduce maternal behavior, b) change taste preferences (sweet, salty), c) affect the development from the in utero period (birth defects) up to adulthood (body overweight) d) disrupt the metabolic balance (females) and the salivary gland expression of genes encoding proteins involved in gustation, and e) generate epigenetic effects on the unexposed F2 generation.An in vitro study confirms that Genistein and / or Vinclozolin, introduced at the step of the induction of adipocyte differentiation affect the development and endocrine activity (leptin, triglycerides) of 3T3-L1 cells and reveals that Vinclozolin potentiates the anti-adipogenic effect of Genistein. To conclude, this study shows that exposure to PE mixtures could affect behavior and development, and could predispose the body to develop metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, but the own hormonal properties of component could not be used to predict the cocktails toxicit

Exposition continue aux xéno-hormones à faibles doses chez le rat : effets multi-générationnels de mélanges sur les préférences gustatives, le comportement maternel et le développement

During the last decade, the issue of health-related endocrine disruptors (ED) has been extended to the toxicity of mixtures. The objective of this study was to define the effects of lifelong exposure to ED mixtures, at low doses defined as "non-harmful" by the authorities. In this aim, the effects of mixtures combining genistein, vinclozolin and bisphenol A, have been investigated in the rat by using an integrative and multi-generational experimental approach which takes into account maternal behavior, feeding behavior and development. Our results show that these mixtures could: a) reduce maternal behavior, b) change taste preferences (sweet, salty), c) affect the development from the in utero period (birth defects) up to adulthood (body overweight) d) disrupt the metabolic balance (females) and the salivary gland expression of genes encoding proteins involved in gustation, and e) generate epigenetic effects on the unexposed F2 generation.An in vitro study confirms that Genistein and / or Vinclozolin, introduced at the step of the induction of adipocyte differentiation affect the development and endocrine activity (leptin, triglycerides) of 3T3-L1 cells and reveals that Vinclozolin potentiates the anti-adipogenic effect of Genistein. To conclude, this study shows that exposure to PE mixtures could affect behavior and development, and could predispose the body to develop metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, but the own hormonal properties of component could not be used to predict the cocktails toxicityDurant la dernière décennie, la problématique de santé liée aux perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) s’est étendue à la toxicité des mélanges. L’objectif de ce travail était de définir les conséquences d’une exposition continue à des cocktails des PE, à des doses faibles et définies comme «non nocives » par les autorités réglementaires. Des mélanges associant la génistéine, la vinclozoline, et le Bisphénol A, ont fait l’objet d’étude intégrative et multi-générationnelle chez le rat qui prend en compte le comportement maternel, le comportement alimentaire et le développement. Nos résultats montrent que ces mélanges peuvent: a) diminuer le comportement maternel, b) modifier les préférences gustatives (sucré, salé), c) affecter le développement dès la période utérine (malformations) jusqu’à l’âge adulte (surpoids), d) perturber le bilan métabolique (femelles) et l’expression par la glande salivaire de gènes codant des protéines impliquées dans la gustation, d’engendrer des effets épigénétiques sur sur la génération F2 non exposée. L’étude in vitro confirme que la Génistéine et/ou la Vinclozoline, introduites durant l’induction de la différenciation adipocytaire affectent le développement des 3T3-L1et leur activité endocrine (leptine; triglycérides), et révèle que la Vinclozoline potentialise l’effet anti-adipogénique de la Génistéine.En conclusion, ce travail montre qu’une exposition à des mélanges de PE peut altérer le comportement et le développement, et prédisposer l’organisme à développer des maladies métaboliques telles que le diabète et l’obésité, mais que les propriétés hormonales de chaque composant ne sont pas prédictives des effets cocktail

Monitoring of iodine supplementation in table salts by ICP-MS and possible health risks of iodine deficiency in Algeria

Introduction: Iodine deficiency can cause several diseases in children and adults. Therefore, it is important to monitor iodine supplementation. The present study aimed to evaluate the Iodine levels in table salts consumed in Algeria. Materials and method: A total of 81 salt samples were purchased from different retailers. Iodine levels were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry after digestion procedure. Statistical analysis and data visualization were performed using Rstudio 4.2.2 software. Results and discussion: In total, 11 products mentioned the iodine content in their packaging, 05 products mentioned an iodine level which did not in accordance with the Algerian regulations (50.55–84.25 mg/kg). In addition, iodine content varied in the samples of the same brand, indicating a poor reproducibility in the process of iodination. Additionally, 26 samples were free of iodine and only 03 products respected the recommendation of the World Health Organization regarding iodine content in table salts (20–40 mg/kg). Conclusion: The analysed table salt samples were not compliant to national and/or international regulations, exposing to an iodine deficiency that could impacts negatively consumers’ health. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the quality control of dietary salts and to set up a nutrivigilance system

Developmental exposure to low-dose of bisphenol A alters maternal behaviour in rats

article présenté lors du 47. Congress of the European-Societies-of-Toxicology ; Paris (France) - (2011-08-28 - 2011-08-31) / CongrèsInternational audienceMaternal behaviour is a biomarker of neurotoxicity that is used. in the safety evaluation of chemical substances. The objective of. this study was to determine the effects on the F0 and F1 maternal. behaviour of gestation/lactation exposure of Wistar rats dams. (F0) with a low dose of bisphenol A consistent with human exposure. BisphenolAwas administered daily to pregnant rats by gavage. (5 g/kg body weight) from the first day of gestation (G1) to weaning. (PND 21) and then to the female offspring’s until their mating. at the adulthood (F1). For each generation, assessments of maternal. behaviour were carried out within two hours of the beginning. of the light cycle from the parturition to PND 8 by observing. presence/absence of the following behaviours: Nursing (Arched,. blanket and passive position); Resting (Inside the nest or outside. the nest); Anogenital licking; Self grooming; Pup licking; Pup carrying;. Feeding; Drinking; Exploration; Rearing; Nest building. We. show a significant decrease in the percentage of dams nursing, resting. inside the nest, nest building, and pup carrying in both BPA. treated mothers F0 and their F1 offspring (p < 0.05). Nevertheless,. there was no significant interaction between BPA treatment, generation. and percentage of dams observed drinking, feeding, self. grooming, exploring, anogenital and pup licking or rearing. The. present findings indicate that both an early exposure (F1) and an. adult exposure (F0) to a low-dose of BPA lead to significant effect. on maternal behaviour

Effets trans-générationnel du Bisphénol A sur le comportement et le développement chez le rat

National audienc

Evaluation of the adulteration of camel milk by non-camel milk using multispectral image, fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy

1International audienceIn the present study, the focus was to evaluate the potential of three spectroscopic techniques (Mid Infrared -MIR-, fluorescence, and multispectral imaging -MSI-) to check the level of adulteration in camel milk with goat, cow, and ewe milks. Camel milk was adulterated with goat, ewe, and cow milks, respectively, at 6 different levels viz. 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15%. After preprocessing the data with standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), and normalization (area under spectrum = 1), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) were used to predict the adulteration level and their belonging group, respectively. The PLSR and PLSDA models, validated using external data, highlighted that fluorescence spectroscopy was the most accurate technique giving a R2p ranging between 0.63 and 0.96 and an accuracy ranging between 67 and 83%. However, no technique has allowed the construction of robust PLSR and PLSDA models for the simultaneous prediction of contamination of camel milk by the three milks