Solving the Team Orienteering Problem with Transformers

Route planning for a fleet of vehicles is an important task in applications such as package delivery, surveillance, or transportation. This problem is usually modeled as a Combinatorial Optimization problem named as Team Orienteering Problem. The most popular Team Orienteering Problem solvers are mainly based on either linear programming, which provides accurate solutions by employing a large computation time that grows with the size of the problem, or heuristic methods, which usually find suboptimal solutions in a shorter amount of time. In this paper, a multi-agent route planning system capable of solving the Team Orienteering Problem in a very fast and accurate manner is presented. The proposed system is based on a centralized Transformer neural network that can learn to encode the scenario (modeled as a graph) and the context of the agents to provide fast and accurate solutions. Several experiments have been performed to demonstrate that the presented system can outperform most of the state-of-the-art works in terms of computation speed. In addition, the code is publicly available at http://gti.ssr.upm.es/data

People detection with omnidirectional cameras using aspatial grid ofdeep learning foveatic classifiers

A novel deep-learning people detection algorithm using omnidirectional cameras is presented, which only requires point-based annotations, unlike most of the prominent works that require bounding box annotations. Thus, the effort of manually annotating the needed training databases is significantly reduced, allowing a faster system deployment. The algorithm is based on a novel deep neural network architecture that implements the concept of Grid of Spatial-Aware Classifiers, but allowing end-to-end training that improves the performance of the whole system. The designed algorithm satisfactorily handles the severe geometric distortions of the omnidirectional images, which typically degrades the performance of state-of-the-art detectors, without requiring any camera calibration. The algorithm has been evaluated in well-known omnidirectional image databases (PIROPO, BOMNI, and MW-18Mar) and compared with several works of the state of the art.This work has been partially supported by project PID2020115132RB (SARAOS) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 of the Spanish Government

Genetic differentiation for size at first reproduction through male versus female functions in the widespread Mediterranean tree Pinus pinaster

Background and Aims The study of local adaptation in plant reproductive traits has received substantial attention in short-lived species, but studies conducted on forest trees are scarce. This lack of research on long-lived species represents an important gap in our knowledge, because inferences about selection on the reproduction and life history of short-lived species cannot necessarily be extrapolated to trees. This study considers whether the size for first reproduction is locally adapted across a broad geographical range of the Mediterranean conifer species Pinus pinaster. In particular, the study investigates whether this monoecious species varies genetically among populations in terms of whether individuals start to reproduce through their male function, their female function or both sexual functions simultaneously. Whether differences among populations could be attributed to local adaptation across a climatic gradient is then considered. Methods Male and female reproduction and growth were measured during early stages of sexual maturity of a P. pinaster common garden comprising 23 populations sampled across the species range. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess genetic variability of early reproductive life-history traits. Environmental correlations with reproductive life-history traits were tested after controlling for neutral genetic structure provided by 12 nuclear simple sequence repeat markers. Key Results Trees tended to reproduce first through their male function, at a size (height) that varied little among source populations. The transition to female reproduction was slower, showed higher levels of variability and was negatively correlated with vegetative growth traits. Several female reproductive traits were correlated with a gradient of growth conditions, even after accounting for neutral genetic structure, with populations from more unfavourable sites tending to commence female reproduction at a lower individual size. Conclusions The study represents the first report of genetic variability among populations for differences in the threshold size for first reproduction between male and female sexual functions in a tree species. The relatively uniform size at which individuals begin reproducing through their male function probably represents the fact that pollen dispersal is also relatively invariant among sites. However, the genetic variability in the timing of female reproduction probably reflects environment-dependent costs of cone production. The results also suggest that early sex allocation in this species might evolve under constraints that do not apply to other conifer

Ambulatory surgery for perianal Crohn’s disease. Study of feasibility

Background. One-third of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients present perianal fistula. The gold standard in the diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic perianal disease (PAD) in CD is the exploration of the anal canal and distal rectum under anesthesia (EUA). This procedure is mainly conducted as a day case surgery. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to proceed within the ideal timing and any delay may well represent a relevant clinical issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of outpatient treatment of symptomatic perianal fistulas in CD patients. Methods. All CD patients under regular follow-up at our inflammatory bowel disease referral center, presenting with symptomatic perianal fistulas, were offered surgical consultation. The data of patients were prospectively collected for three years (February 2014 to February 2017) for the purpose of the study. All clinical information, including previous EUA and/or records from MRI and endoscopic ultrasound, was included. Outpatient anal canal and distal rectum exploration and treatment (OE) were undertaken during the specialist surgical consultation. Fistulas were classified according to Parks’s classification; the type of outpatient treatment and compliance of patients were recorded. Pain was assessed by VAS at the time of the procedure and during the first control. Patients were followed up in the surgical clinic in relation to the study. Results. Ninety-two CD patients with symptomatic perianal fistulas had surgical consultation during the study period. OE was offered to all but 18 patients who fulfilled the exclusion criteria or had an extremely severe disease; six patients refused the OE (8.11%). Of the 68 patients undergoing OE, eleven (16.18%) had previous surgery for perianal disease. The OE was accomplished in sixty-one patients (89.71%), while in 7 patients, it was abandoned for scarce compliance. Nine patients (14.75%) underwent drainage of perianal abscess; in 3 of them, it was possible to probe the fistula tract, find the internal orifice, and pass a loose seton. Overall, setonage was performed in 50 patients (81.97%). Rectovaginal setons were placed in 3 patients and more than one seton (up to 3) in 6 cases. Fistulotomy was performed in 4 simple subcutaneous fistulous tracts. Concordance with the preoperative findings was found in 54 out of 61 patients. EUA was scheduled at the time of OE for the 7 patients who did not complete the procedure. All sixty-one patients who had the OE were followed up for a minimum of 12 months. Conclusions. This preliminary study indicates that OE in CD patients with symptomatic perianal fistulas is safe and feasible in a high-volume referral center. It might provide several benefits, including patients’ logistics, reduce or remove patients’ symptoms and discomfort, allow for a timely start of medical therapy, and avoid further complications

Variación en asignación reproductiva temprana en ensayos multi-localidad de pino carrasco y pino negral

Life histories in Mediterranean pines are well known to be closely related to different fire and disturbance regimes. Variation in these factors is also reflected in reproductive strategies at the specific and intraspecific level. Specifically, the onset of reproduction is a crucial stage for any organism because it has profound implications on fitness. In this paper we focus on the intraspecific variation and plasticity in the threshold size for reproduction and reproductive allocation in two Mediterranean pines, assessed at the onset of reproduction, when trade-offs between reproduction and growth are expected to be greater. Replicated common garden provenance and progeny trials of Aleppo pine and Maritime pine were used to estimate genetic parameters for reproduction and vegetative growth, as well as variation in plasticity in reproductive strategies at the intraspecific level. In both species, high variation among populations was found for both threshold size for reproduction and for reproductive allocation. Reproductive allocation was also highly variable within populations and showed moderate to high values of heritability and high coefficients of additive genetic variation. These results indicate a high genetic control of these reproductive traits, while high additive genetic variation is maintained, allowing to face selective pressures. Moreover, reproductive strategies although plastic, showed low genotype × environment interaction, and intraspecific variation was highly consistent across trial sites both at the population and the family levels. The former data confirm the strong genetic control of reproductive traits in these species. Finally, the fact that Aleppo pine starts its reproductive phase as female while Maritime pine can start reproducing either as male or female deserves further attention.Las estrategias de historia vital en pinos mediterráneos están estrechamente ligadas a diversos regímenes de incendios y perturbaciones. A su vez, la variabilidad de esos factores también se ve reflejada en las estrategias reproductivas a niveles inter e intraespecíficos. Concretamente, el comienzo de la reproducción es una etapa crucial para cualquier organismo debido a su profunda influencia en su adaptación al medio. Este trabajo se enfoca en el estudio de la variabilidad intraespecífica y la plasticidad en el tamaño umbral de reproducción y la asignación reproductiva en dos pinos mediterráneos. El estudio se realizó durante el comienzo de la fase reproductiva, momento en que se estima que la compensación entre reproducción y crecimiento es de mayor importancia. Se utilizaron ensayos multi-sitio de procedencias y progenies de pino carrasco y pino negral para estimar los parámetros genéticos de caracteres reproductivos y de crecimiento vegetativo, así como para conocer la variabilidad en la plasticidad de las estrategias reproductivas a nivel intraespecífico. En ambas especies se halló una alta variabilidad entre poblaciones para el tamaño umbral de reproducción y para la asignación reproductiva. La asignación reproductiva también fue altamente variable dentro de poblaciones y mostró valores de heredabilidad de moderados a altos y altos coeficientes de varianza genética aditiva. Estos resultados indican un alto control genético de los rasgos reproductivos, mientras se mantiene una alta varianza genética, permitiendo afrontar futuras presiones selectivas. Además, a pesar de la existencia de plasticidad en las estrategias reproductivas, éstas mostraron una baja interacción genotipo × ambiente, y la variación intraespecífica fue acorde en los diferentes lugares de ensayo tanto a nivel poblacional como familiar. Los datos anteriores confirman el alto control genético de los rasgos reproductivos en estas especies. Finalmente, el hecho de que el pino carrasco comience su fase reproductora como hembra mientras que el pino negral pueda comenzar su reproducción bien como macho o bien como hembra, merece una atención más detallada.This research was developed as part of projects AT07-002 and INIA-RTA07-100 of INIA and PSS-310000-2008-4 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Genetic trials reported in this paper form part of Genfored network of forest genetic trials in Spain, implemented mainly through project CC03-048 (DGB-INIA agreement). PMER and PCAV trials were installed as part of project TREESNIPS (QLK3-CT2002-01973). PRIA and PREB trials were established under the Genetic Breeding Program of Galicia by the Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán. Luis Santos is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education via a doctoral grant (FPU AP-2007-03302

NGC 6705 a young α\alpha-enhanced Open Cluster from OCCASO data

The stellar [$\alpha$/Fe] abundance is sometimes used as a proxy for stellar age, following standard chemical evolution models for the Galaxy, as seen by different observational results. In this work we show that the Open Cluster NGC6705/M11 has a significant $\alpha$-enhancement [$\alpha$/Fe]$>0.1$ dex, despite its young age ($\sim$300 Myr), challenging the current paradigm. We use high resolution (R$>65,000$) high signal-to-noise ($\sim$70) spectra of 8 Red Clump stars, acquired within the OCCASO survey. We determine very accurate chemical abundances of several $\alpha$ elements, using an equivalent width methodology (Si, Ca and Ti), and spectral synthesis fits (Mg and O). We obtain [Si/Fe]=$0.13\pm0.05$, [Mg/Fe]=$0.14\pm0.07$, [O/Fe]=$0.17\pm0.07$, [Ca/Fe]=$0.06\pm0.05$ and [Ti/Fe]=$0.03\pm0.03$. Our results place these cluster within the group of young [$\alpha$/Fe]-enhanced field stars recently found by several authors in the literature. The ages of our stars have an uncertainty of around 50 Myr, much more precise than for field stars. By integrating the cluster's orbit in several non-axisymmetric Galactic potentials, we establish the M11's most likely birth radius to lie between 6.8-7.5 kpc from the Galactic center, not far from its current position. With the robust Open Cluster age scale, our results prove that a moderate [$\alpha$/Fe]-enhancement is no guarantee for a star to be old, and that not all $\alpha$-enhanced stars can be explained with an evolved blue straggler scenario. Based on our orbit calculations, we further argue against a Galactic bar origin of M11.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted in A&

Kinematics of Magnetic Bright Features in the Solar Photosphere

Convective flows are known as the prime means of transporting magnetic fields on the solar surface. Thus, small magnetic structures are good tracers of the turbulent flows. We study the migration and dispersal of magnetic bright features (MBFs) in intergranular areas observed at high spatial resolution with Sunrise/IMaX. We describe the flux dispersal of individual MBFs as a diffusion process whose parameters are computed for various areas in the quiet Sun and the vicinity of active regions from seeing-free data. We find that magnetic concentrations are best described as random walkers close to network areas (diffusion index, gamma=1.0), travelers with constant speeds over a supergranule (gamma=1.9-2.0), and decelerating movers in the vicinity of flux emergence and/or within active regions (gamma=1.4-1.5). The three types of regions host MBFs with mean diffusion coefficients of 130 km^2/s, 80-90 km^2/s, and 25-70 km^2/s, respectively. The MBFs in these three types of regions are found to display a distinct kinematic behavior at a confidence level in excess of 95%.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure