Effects of exposure to a cafeteria diet during gestation and after weaning on the metabolism and body weight of adult male offspring in rats

In the present study, we investigated whether maternal exposure to a cafeteria diet affects the metabolism and body composition of offspring and whether such an exposure has a cumulative effect during the lifetime of the offspring. Female rats were fed a control (CON) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet from their own weaning to the weaning of their offspring. At 21 d of age, male offspring were divided into four groups by diet during gestation and after weaning (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON and CAF-CAF). Blood was collected from dams (after weaning) and pups (at 30 and 120 d of age) by decapitation. CAF dams had significantly greater body weight and adipose tissue weight and higher concentrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than CON dams (Student’s t test). The energy intake of CAF rats was higher than that of CON rats regardless of the maternal diet (two-way ANOVA). Litters had similar body weights at weaning and at 30 d of age, but at 120 d, CON-CAF rats were heavier. At both ages, CAF rats had greater adipose tissue weight than CON rats regardless of the maternal diet, and the concentrations of TAG and cholesterol were similar between the two groups, as were blood glucose concentrations at 30 d of age. However, at 120 d of age, CAF rats were hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperleptinaemic regardless of the maternal diet. These findings suggest that maternal obesity does not modulate the metabolism of male offspring independently, modifying body weight only when associated with the intake of a cafeteria diet by the offspring

Considerações Sobre Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas na Educação em Saúde

The Problem-Based Learning (Problem-Based Learning - PBL) has been recognized worldwide as an approach to promote the acquisition of knowledge by students at the same time that helps them develop skills and professional attitudes desirable. Unlike the conventional methods of teaching that use of application problems after the theory was presented, the PBL uses a problem to start, focus and motivate the learning of new concepts 13. In this approach, the student uses different mental processes, such as ability to raise hypotheses, compare, analyze, interpret, and evaluate and develop the ability to take responsibility for their education 11.12. The methodology of PBL has been a valuable tool in shaping the health care professional, with advantages over the traditional method of teaching. However, for its deployment there is a need for considerable institutional effort. Are necessary adjustments, including changes in the way of evaluation, for changes in mindset about the role of teachers in the process teaching / learning, investment in infrastructure, adaptations of the environment, improvement of libraries and other 19,20,21, 22. The process of change in education will bring many challenges, such as a break with traditional models of education and train health professionals with skills to recover the essential dimension of care: the relationship between humans.El aprendizaje basado en problemas (aprendizaje basado en problemas - ABP) ha sido reconocida en todo el mundo como un enfoque para promover la adquisición de conocimientos por los estudiantes al mismo tiempo que les ayuda a desarrollar habilidades y actitudes profesionales deseable. A diferencia de los métodos convencionales de la enseñanza que el uso de problemas de aplicación después de la teoría se presentó, el PBL usa un problema para iniciar, el enfoque y motivar el aprendizaje de nuevos conceptos 13. En este enfoque, el estudiante utiliza diferentes procesos mentales, tales como la capacidad de reunir hipótesis, comparar, analizar, interpretar y evaluar y desarrollar la capacidad de asumir la responsabilidad de su educación 11-12. La metodología de PBL ha sido una herramienta valiosa en la configuración del profesional de la salud, con ventajas sobre el método tradicional de enseñanza. Sin embargo, para su despliegue existe una considerable necesidad de esfuerzo institucional. Son ajustes necesarios, incluidos los cambios en la forma de evaluación, para los cambios de mentalidad sobre el papel de los profesores en el proceso de enseñanza / aprendizaje, la inversión en infraestructura, las adaptaciones del medio ambiente, la mejora de las bibliotecas y otros 19,20,21, 22. El proceso de cambio en la educación traerá muchos problemas, como una ruptura con los modelos tradicionales de la educación y capacitar a los profesionales de la salud con habilidades para recuperar la dimensión esencial de la atención: la relación entre los seres humanos.A aprendizagem baseada em problemas (Problem-Based Learning – PBL) tem sido reconhecida mundialmente como uma abordagem capaz de promover a aquisição de conhecimentos pelos alunos ao mesmo tempo em que os ajuda a desenvolver habilidades e atitudes profissionais desejáveis. Diferentemente dos métodos convencionais de ensino, que utilizam problemas de aplicação após a apresentação da teoria, o PBL utiliza um problema para iniciar, enfocar e motivar a aprendizagem de novos conceitos. Nessa abordagem, o aluno utiliza diferentes processos mentais, como capacidade de levantar hipóteses, comparar, analisar, interpretar e avaliar, desenvolvendo a habilidade de assumir responsabilidade por sua formação. A metodologia PBL tem se mostrado um instrumento valioso na formação do profissional de saúde, com vantagens sobre o método de ensino tradicional. No entanto, para a sua implantação, há necessidade de um considerável esforço institucional. São necessárias adaptações, tais como mudanças na forma de avaliação, mudanças na forma de ver o papel do docente no processo ensino/aprendizagem, investimentos em infraestrutura, adaptações do ambiente, melhoria das bibliotecas, entre outros. O processo de mudança da educação traz inúmeros desafios como, por exemplo, romper com modelos de ensino tradicional e formar profissionais de saúde com competências que lhes permitam recuperar a dimensão essencial do cuidado: a relação entre humanos

Considerations about problem-based learning in the process of health education

A aprendizagem baseada em problemas (Problem-Based Learning – PBL) tem sido reconhecida mundialmente como uma abordagem capaz de promover a aquisição de conhecimentos pelos alunos ao mesmo tempo em que os ajuda a desenvolver habilidades e atitudes profissionais desejáveis. Diferentemente dos métodos convencionais de ensino, que utilizam problemas de aplicação após a apresentação da teoria, o PBL utiliza um problema para iniciar, enfocar e motivar a aprendizagem de novos conceitos. Nessa abordagem, o aluno utiliza diferentes processos mentais, como capacidade de levantar hipóteses, comparar, analisar, interpretar e avaliar, desenvolvendo a habilidade de assumir responsabilidade por sua formação. A metodologia PBL tem se mostrado um instrumento valioso na formação do profissional de saúde, com vantagens sobre o método de ensino tradicional. No entanto, para a sua implantação, há necessidade de um considerável esforço institucional. São necessárias adaptações, tais como mudanças na forma de avaliação, mudanças na forma de ver o papel do docente no processo ensino/aprendizagem, investimentos em infraestrutura, adaptações do ambiente, melhoria das bibliotecas, entre outros. O processo de mudança da educação traz inúmeros desafios como, por exemplo, romper com modelos de ensino tradicional e formar profissionais de saúde com competências que lhes permitam recuperar a dimensão essencial do cuidado: a relação entre humanos.Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has been recognized worldwide as an approach that promotes the acquisition of knowledge by students at the same time that it helps them develop desirable skills and professional attitudes. Unlike the conventional teaching methods, which use problem-solving after the theory has been presented, PBL uses a problem to start, focus and motivate the learning of new concepts. According to this approach, students use different mental processes, such as ability to suggest hypotheses, compare, analyze, interpret, and evaluate, to develop the ability to take responsibility for their education. PBL methodology has been a valuable tool in the education of health professionals, with advantages over the traditional teaching method. However, in order to implement such methodology, considerable institutional effort is necessary. Adjustments must be made, including changes in the methods of evaluation, changes in mind-set on the role of teachers in the teaching/learning process, investments in infrastructure, adaptations of the environment, improvement of libraries, among others. The process of change in education brings many challenges, such as breaking with traditional models of education and training health professionals so that they acquire skills to recover the essential dimension of care: the relationship between people

Efeitos da exposição crônica a uma dieta palatável, rica em gordura e açúcar, sobre o peso corporal e gordura abdominal em ratos manipulados no período neonatal : comparação entre machos e fêmeas

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost