Estimando Probabilidades de Ocorrência de Crises Cambiais no Brasil

The main objective of this paper is to find an alternative way of estimation of the probabilities of devalutation instead of the traditional method Logit. The methodology is based on Olivier Jeanne (1997) and several articles of Svensson and Rose. Logit models have certain degree of subjectivity on the determination of the periods of crisis and periods of non-crisis. Jeanne’s method tries to tackle out this problem and it seems appropriate to Brazilian economy. After estimating the probabilities of devaluation in Brazilian economy in the period july/94-january/99, there is an investigation of the variables that may influence that probability. Some variables that are described in the first and in the second generation models of balance of payments crisis are considered statistically significants to determine the probability of devaluation.Balance of Payments Crisis, Causes of Speculative Attacks, Brazilian Economy in the 90’s, Exchange Rate Devaluation, Drift adjustment method.

O POEMA NARRATIVO DE BERNARDO GUIMARÃES: A AMBIVALÊNCIA DO RISO EM “A ORIGEM DO MÊNSTRUO”

Este trabalho investiga os processos de elaboração estrutural do poemas narrativo “A Origem do Mênstruo”, de Bernardo Guimarães. Além de Escrava Isaura (1875), o escritor mineiro teve relevante atuação como poeta, ignorada pela crítica. Nesse sentido, inicia-se pela exposição de sua situação controvérsia nos manuais de história da literatura, em que sua notabilidade está creditada, quase que exclusivamente, à atuação como romancista, passando pela exposição de aspectos gerais sobre sua produção em poesia, a situação em relação à poesia romântica de seus coetâneos, assim como a sua atuação como introdutor da poesia pantagruélica, produzida e figurada clandestinamente entre os estudantes da faculdade de direito do Largo São Francisco em São Paulo, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1850. Segue-se expondo os pressupostos teóricos para a análise, partindo da imersão dos poemas na longa tradição do poema narrativo, até a exposição de questões relativas ao tipo grotesco, especificamente as concepções de Victor Hugo (1802-1885) e Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), para, por fim, efetuar análise do poema em questão. This work investigates the processes of structural elaboration of the narrative poem “A Origem do Mênstruo”, by Bernardo Guimarães. It begins with the exposition of the author's controversial situation in the literature manuals of literature, through the exposition of general aspects about his production in poetry, more specifically, his performance as an introducer of pantagruelic poetry. The theoretical assumptions for analysis are drawn from the immersion of the poem in the long tradition of the narrative poem and questions related to the grotesque type, specifically the conceptions of Victor Hugo (1802-1885) and Mikhail Bakhtin (1895- 1975), to finally analyze the poem in question

Evaluation of internal adaptation of Class V resin composite restorations using three techniques of polymerization

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the internal adaptation of Class V composite restorations to the cavity walls using three different techniques of polymerization. METHODS: Standard cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 24 extracted human third molars with margins located above and below the cementoenamel junction. Restorations were placed in one increment using two restorative systems: 3M Filtek A110/ Single Bond (M) and 3M Filtek Z250/ Single Bond (H) in the same tooth, randomly in the buccal and lingual surfaces. Resin composites were polymerized using three techniques: Group 1 - Conventional (60 s - 600 mW/cm²); Group 2 - Soft-start (20 s - 200 mW/cm² , 40 s - 600 mW/cm²); Group 3 - Pulse Activation (3 s - 200 mW/cm², 3-min hiatus, 57 s - 600 mW/cm²). Buccolingual sections were polished, impressions taken and replicated. Specimens were assessed under scanning electron microscopy up to X1000 magnification. Scores were given for presence or absence of gaps (0 - no gap; 1 - gap in one wall; 2 - gap in two walls; 3 - gap in three walls). RESULTS: The mean scores of the groups were (±SD) were: G1M-3.0 (± 0.0); G2M-2.43 (± 0.8); G3M- 1.71 (± 0.9); G1H- 2.14 (± 1.2); G2H- 2.00 (± 0.8); G3H- 1.67 (± 1.1). Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunnet's tests. No statistically significant difference (p>;0.05) was found among groups. Gaps were observed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The photocuring technique and the type of resin composite had no influence on the internal adaptation of the material to the cavity walls. A positive effect was observed when the slow polymerization techniques were used

Biomechanical evaluation of the influence of cervical screws tapping and design

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do desenho do parafuso (autoperfurante e automacheante) e do macheamento do orifício-piloto sobre o torque de inserção e a força de arrancamento dos parafusos utilizados para a fixação anterior da coluna cervical. MÉTODO: Quarenta parafusos automacheantes e 20 autoperfurantes foram inseridos em 10 modelos artificiais de osso (blocos de poliuretana) e 10 vértebras cervicais de carneiro. Os parâmetros estudados foram o torque de inserção e a força de arrancamento. Foram formados três grupos experimentais de acordo com o tipo de preparo do orifício- piloto e o tipo de parafuso utilizado: grupo I - parafuso automacheante com orifício- piloto perfurado e macheado; grupo II - parafuso automacheante com orifício perfurado e não macheado; grupo III - parafuso autoperfurante sem perfuração prévia do orifício- piloto e sem o macheamento. Nos grupos I e II a perfuração do orifício-piloto foi realizada por meio de broca de 3mm de diâmetro e o macheamento, com 4mm. O torque de inserção foi mensurado durante a implantação dos parafusos e, em seguida, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos em máquina universal de testes para avaliar a força de arrancamento dos parafusos. RESULTADOS: O macheamento e a perfuração do orifício- piloto reduziram significativamente o torque de inserção e a força de arrancamento. CONCLUSÃO: O torque de inserção e a força de arrancamento dos parafusos autoperfurantes foram significativamente maiores quando comparado com os dos parafusos automacheantes inseridos após o macheamento do orifício-piloto.OBJECTIVE: To assess if the screw design (self-drilling/self-tapping) and the pilot hole tapping could affect the insertion torque and screw pullout strength of the screw used in anterior fixation of the cervical spine. METHODS: Forty self-tapping screws and 20 self-drilling screws were inserted into 10 models of artificial bone and 10 cervical vertebrae of sheep. The studied parameters were the insertion torque and pullout strength. The following groups were created: Group I - self-tapping screw insertion after pilot hole drilling and tapping; Group II - self-tapping screw insertion after pilot hole drilling without tapping; Group III - self-drilling screw insertion without drilling and tapping. In Groups I and II, the pilot hole had 14.0 mm in depth and was made with a 3mmn drill, while tapping was made with a 4mm tap. The insertion torque was measured and the pullout test was performed. The comparison between groups was made considering the mean insertion torque and the maximum mean pullout strength with the variance analysis (ANOVA; p< 0.05). RESULTS: Previous drilling and tapping of pilot hole significantly decreased the insertion torque and the pullout strength. CONCLUSION: The insertion torque and pullout strength of self-drilling screws were significantly higher when compared to self-tapping screws inserted after pilot hole tapping.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Tapping pilot hole: mechanical analysis of sheep vertebra and the artificial bone model

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do macheamento do orifício piloto associado às outras variáveis como o seu diâmetro em relação ao diâmetro interno do parafuso e o modo de preparo no torque de inserção, na resistência ao arrancamento dos parafusos utilizados para a fixação anterior da coluna cervical. MÉTODO: Vinte corpos de prova de poliuretana e 30 vértebras torácicas (T1-T5) foram testadas. Em cada corpo de prova foram realizados quatro orifícios, sendo dois com diâmetro de 2,0mm e dois com 2,5mm. Esses orifícios foram confeccionados com broca ou sonda, de acordo com o grupo experimental. O macheamento do orifício piloto era ou não realizado, dividindo desse modo o grupo experimental em subgrupos iguais. Foram formados oito grupos experimentais (quatro utilizando poliuretana e quatro utilizando vértebras de carneiro). Parafusos corticais com 3,5mm de diâmetro externo e 14mm de comprimento foram inseridos nos orifícios piloto. O torque de inserção foi mensurado durante a implantação dos parafusos e, em seguida, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos de arrancamento em máquina universal de testes Emic®, softwareTesc 3.13, célula de carga de 1.000N, velocidade de aplicação de força de 0,2mm/min, pré-carga de 5N e tempo de acomodação de 10 segundos. A propriedade avaliada nos ensaios mecânicos foi a força máxima de arrancamento. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: O macheamento do orifício piloto reduziu significativamente o torque de inserção e a força de arrancamento dos parafusos em todos os grupos experimentais.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of pilot hole tapping, together with other variables such as pilot hole diameter, in relation to inner screw diameter and preparation mode, on the insertional torque and pullout strength of the screws used for anterior fixation of the cervical spine. METHODS: Twenty polyurethane test bodies and 30 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T5) were tested. Four holes were drilled into each test body, two of them with a diameter of 2.0 mm and two with a diameter of 2.5 mm. The holes were drilled with a bit or probe according to the experimental group. Pilot hole tapping was or was not done, dividing the experimental group into equal subgroups. Eight experimental groups were formed, four of which used polyurethane specimens and four used sheep vertebrae. Cortical screws 3.5 mm in outer diameter and 14 mm long were inserted into the pilot holes. Insertional torque was measured during screw implantation and mechanical assays were then performed using an Emic® universal testing machine. Tesc 3.13 software was used for data analysis. Load cells with a capacity of 1000 N, were used and the rate of force application was 0.2mm/min. The mechanical property evaluated was the maximum pullout force of the screws. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Pilot hole tapping significantly decreased insertional torque and pullout force in all experimental groups.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)CNPqFAPES

Effect of root canal sealer and artificial accelerated aging on fibreglass post bond strength to intraradicular dentin

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of root canal sealers (RCS) and specimen aging on the bond strength of fibre posts to bovine intraradicular dentin. Material and Methods: 80 teeth were used according the groups - Sealapextm, Sealer 26®, AH Plus® and speci - mens aging - test with no aging and with aging. The canals prepared were fi lled using one of each RCS. The posts were cemented. Roots were cross-sectioned to obtain two slices of each third. Samples were submitted to push-out test. Failure mode was evaluated under a confocal microscope. The data were analysed by ANOVA, Tukey's, and Dunnet tests (? = 0.05). Results: No signi fi cant difference was detected among RCS. Aged control presented higher bond strength than immediate control. The aging did not result significant difference. Adhesive cement-dentin failure was prevalent in all groups. Conclusions: RCS interfered negatively with bonding of fibreglass posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentin

A família e o cuidado em saúde mental no contexto da religião pentecostal na Região Amazônica

O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar a compreensão da família acerca do sofrimento mental no contexto religioso do pentecostalismo na Amazônia. Delineada a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa de orientação fenomenológica, teve como instrumento para coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada, com a participação de cinco representantes de famílias evangélicas pentecostais que cuidam de um familiar em tratamento psiquiátrico. O tratamento do material empírico foi desenvolvido de acordo com a metodologia fenomenológica, com ênfase na análise temática, que consiste em uma modalidade de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados organizados em categorias evidenciaram que a família percebe o sofrimento mental a partir de suas vivências religiosas e busca encontrar na fé e na oração elementos essenciais no processo de cura e amparo. A análise das entrevistas ainda permitiu evidenciar que a incompreensão da família e/ou de alguns líderes religiosos concernente ao sofrimento mental influência de forma negativa a busca ou a continuidade do tratamento psiquiátrico

Session D2: Coimbra Fishway: Restoring Connectivity in River Mondego

Abstract: River Mondego is the largest Portuguese river with its basin entirely within national territory. The Açude-Ponte dam was built in Mondego in the 80’s, along with three other large dams to mitigate floods and to allow the integrated use of river basin water resources for hydroelectric power generation, public supply, industry and irrigation. Considering the river importance for several fish species, namely sea-lamprey and shad, a fishway was constructed. Several structural and hydraulic problems soon revealed that this fishway was inefficient therefore this dam became the first impassable obstacle in the River Mondego. In 2011, after several years of biological and hydraulic monitoring, and once the reasons for the fishway inefficiency were perfectly identified, a vertical-slot fishway was built to restore river connectivity. The efficiency and effectiveness of the Coimbra Fishway has been studied since 2012 using several monitoring techniques (visual counts, biotelemetry techniques and CPUE abundance with electrofishing). Monitoring results show that several autochthonous species use the fishway, including the diadromous sea-lamprey, allis and twaite shad and European-eel. More than 1,500.000 fish have used the fishway during the upstream or downstream migration. PIT telemetry has shown an efficiency of 30% for Petromyzon marinus and 14% for Luciobarbus bocagei. Pre and post fishway construction electrofishing monitoring shows improvements in sealamprey larvae abundance both upstream and downstream from the Açude-Ponte dam. Coimbra Fishway project is improving fish migration in River Mondego, but it’s also an integrated project involving other important aspects such as fisheries and river basin management and environmental education. Changes in exploitation regimes of upstream hydropower dams and in the Açude-Ponte are also planned to increase the fishway efficiency. Finally, several activities have been carried out in association with this project to raise public awareness regarding environmental issues, particularly those related with river longitudinal continuity

PATTERNS OF SEED DISPERSAL SYNDROMES AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES IN THE SEMIARID REGION

The objective of this study was to assess the patterns of seed dispersal syndromes of woody plants from nine forest fragments distributed at different altitude levels on the Araripe plateau, in Pernambuco, Brazil. For data collection, we divided the altitudes within the region into three categories: lower level (altitudes ≤600 m); intermediate level (600< altitudes <750 m); and higher level (altitudes ≥750 m). We registered nine fragments, three per altitude level. In each of them, we distributed 20 rectangular sampling units with 250 m², totaling a sampling area of 4.5 ha. We quantified, collected, and identified woody plants with a diameter at breast height higher than or equal to 0.1 m (DBH 1.30 m ≥0.10 m). We characterized the dispersal syndrome according to the characteristics of the fruits and seeds and based on a literature review. In the whole region, we sampled 6,987 individuals, distributed in 35 families, 82 genera, and 153 species. Approximately 41% of all individuals are dispersed by animals, 37% by the plant’s own mechanisms, and 21% by the wind. In terms of dispersal, 47% of species were classified as zoochorous, 23% as autochorous, and 14% as anemochorous. Seed dispersal patterns vary according to altitude levels, with higher regions tending to present greater representativeness of biotic dispersers and lower ones, abiotic

Effects of neuromuscular electric stimulation during immobilization in the mechanical properties of the skeletal muscle

A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) é um importante recurso utilizado em medicina esportiva para acelerar processos de recuperação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da EENM durante a imobilização do músculo gastrocnêmio, em posições de alongamento (LP) e encurtamento (SP). Para tanto, 60 ratas fêmeas jovens Wistar foram distribuídas em seis grupos e acompanhadas durante sete dias: controle (C), eletroestimuladas (EE), imobilizadas em encurtamento (ISP), imobilizadas em alongamento (ILP), imobilizadas em encurtamento e eletroestimuladas (ISP + EE) e imobilizadas em alongamento e eletroestimuladas (ILP + EE). Para a imobilização, o membro posterior direito foi envolvido por uma malha tubular e ataduras de algodão juntamente à atadura gessada. A EENM foi utilizada com freqüência de 50Hz, 10 minutos por dia, totalizando 20 contrações em cada sessão. Após sete dias os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia e os músculos gastrocnêmios retirados para a realização do ensaio mecânico de tração em uma máquina universal de ensaios (EMIC®). A partir dos gráficos carga versus alongamento, foram calculadas as seguintes propriedades mecânicas: alongamento no limite de proporcionalidade (ALP), carga no limite de proporcionalidade (CLP) e rigidez. As imobilizações SP e LP promoveram reduções significativas (p < 0,05) nas propriedades de ALP e CLP, sendo mais acentuada no grupo ISP. Quando utilizada a EENM, houve acréscimo significativo (p < 0,05) dessas propriedades somente no grupo ISP. Já em relação à rigidez, foi observada redução significativa (p < 0,05) somente do grupo C para o grupo ISP. Quando utilizada a EENM, a rigidez do grupo ILP + EE foi significativamente (p < 0,05) maior e mais próxima do grupo C que a do grupo ISP + EE. Neste modelo experimental, a imobilização dos músculos em alongamento atrasou o processo de atrofia, e a estimulação elétrica, realizada durante a imobilização, contribuiu para a manutenção das propriedades mecânicas durante o período de imobilismo, principalmente no grupo ILP + EE. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENLa estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (EENM) es un importante recurso utilizado en medicina deportiva para acelerar procesos de recuperación. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar los efectos de la EENM durante la inmovilización del músculo gastrocnemio, en posiciones de alongamiento (LP) y contracción (SP). Para tal fin, 60 ratones hembras jóvenes Wistar fueron distribuidas en seis grupos y monitoreadas durante 7 días: control (C), electro estimuladas (EE), inmovilizadas en contracción (ISP), inmovilizadas en alongamiento (ILP), inmovilizadas en contracción y electro estimuladas (ISP + EE) e inmovilizadas en alongamiento y electro estimuladas (ILP + EE). Para la inmovilización, el miembro posterior derecho fue envuelto por una malla tubular y vendas de algodón en conjunto con vendas de escayola. La EENM fue utilizada con una frecuencia de 50 Hz, 10 minutos por día, totalizando 20 contracciones en cada sesión. Después de 7 días los animales fueron sometidos a eutanasia y los músculos gastrocnemios fueron retirados para la realización del ensayo mecánico de tracción en una máquina universal de ensayos (EMIC®). A partir de los gráficos carga versus alongamiento se calculó las siguientes propiedades mecánicas: alongamiento en el límite de proporcionalidad (ALP), carga en el límite de proporcionalidad (CLP) y rigidez. Las inmovilizaciones SP y LP dieron reducciones significativas (p < 0,05) en las propiedades de ALP y CLP, siendo más acentuada en el grupo ISP. Cuando utilizamos la EENM, hubo un crecimiento significativo (p < 0,05) de estas propiedades solamente en el grupo ISP. Por otro lado, en relación a la rigidez, se observó una reducción significativa (p < 0,05) solamente del grupo C respecto al grupo ISP. También se observó que al usarse EENM, la rigidez del grupo ILP + EE fue significativamente (p < 0,05) mayor y más próxima del grupo C que la del grupo ISP + EE. En este modelo experimental, la inmovilización de los músculos en alongamiento retrasó el proceso de atrofia y estimulación eléctrica, realizada durante la inmovilización, y contribuyó en el mantenimiento de las propiedades mecánicas durante el periodo de inmovilización, principalmente en el grupo ILP + EE. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) is an important tool used in sports medicine to accelerate the recovery process. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of NMES during immobilization of the gastrocnemius muscle, in lengthened (LP) and shortened positions (SP). Sixty young female Wistar rats were distributed into six groups and followed for 7 days: control (C); electric stimulation (ES); immobilized in shortening (ISP); immobilized in lengthening (ILP); immobilized in shortening and electric stimulation (ISP + ES) and immobilized in lengthening and electric stimulation (ILP + ES). For the immobilization, a tubular mesh and cotton rolls together with the plaster were wrapped around the rat's right posterior paw. NMES in a frequency of 50 Hz was used 10 minutes a day, totaling 20 contractions in each session. After 7 days the animals were sacrificed and their gastrocnemius muscles of the right paw were submitted to a mechanical test of traction in a universal test machine (EMIC®). From the load versus elongation curves the following mechanical properties were obtained: elongation in the yield limit (EPL), load in the yield limit (LPL) and stiffness. The SP and LP immobilizations promoted significant reductions (p < 0.05) in the EPL and LPL properties, being more remarkable in the ISP group. When the NMES was used, there was significant increase (p < 0.05) of these properties only in the ISP group. As for stiffness, significant reduction was observed (p < 0.05) only of the C group for the ISP group. When the NMES was used, the stiffness of the ILP + EE group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher and closer to the C group than of the ISP + EE group. We conclude that in this experimental model the immobilization of the muscles in the lengthened position delayed the atrophy process and the electric stimulation during the immobilization contributed to the maintenance of the mechanical properties during the immobilization period, mainly for the ILP + ES group