Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

On behalf of the Program Committee, a very warm welcome to the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-­‐it 2018). This edition of the conference is held in Torino. The conference is locally organised by the University of Torino and hosted into its prestigious main lecture hall “Cavallerizza Reale”. The CLiC-­‐it conference series is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC) which, after five years of activity, has clearly established itself as the premier national forum for research and development in the fields of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, where leading researchers and practitioners from academia and industry meet to share their research results, experiences, and challenges

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

New technologies of silicon position-sensitive detectors for future tracker systems

En vista de la nueva generación de colisionadores de alta luminosidad, HL-LHC y ILC, se hace necesaria una investigación más profunda del diseño y de la tecnología de los detectores de radiaciones basados en silicio, al fin de satisfacer las peticiones de los experimentos en maquinas tan sofisticadas. En esta tesis se presentan tecnologías innovadoras de detectores de radiaciones basados en silicio para futuros trazadores. Tres diferentes dispositivos han sido estudiados y diseñados con la ayuda de diferentes herramientas de simulación. Luego, han sido fabricados en la sala blanca del IMB-CNM de Barcelona y caracterizados con diferentes configuraciones experimentales adecuadas para evaluar la calidad de los detectores y la idoneidad de las tecnologías utilizadas en sus procesos de fabricación. La primera tecnología fue desarrollada con la intención de mejorar los sensores dedicados a sistemas de alineamiento láser en futuros detectores de trazas. El diseño y la tecnología de los detectores de micropistas de una cara p+-in-n, ha sido ligeramente modificada al fin de aumentar la transmitancia de luz Infra-Roja. El diseño de los sensores se ha basado en simulaciones ópticas y el proceso de fabricación ha sido monitoreado consiguiendo una transmitancia del 50% con un paso entre las pistas de 50μm. El segundo dispositivo es un nuevo detector de una cara sensible a la posición en dos dimensiones, basado en tecnología estándar de detectores de silicio de micropistas en los cuales se han generado electrodos resistivos de silicio policristalino acoplados en AC con los implantes. El método de división de carga por resistencias se aplicó leyendo los electrodos resistivos por los dos lados y se usó para obtener informacion sobre la coordenada espacial de un evento ionizante a lo largo de las pistas. Los prototipos que se fabricaron fueron caracterizados con un sistema de láser, con lo que se obtuvo una resolución espacial de aproximadamente el 1.1% de la longitud de la pista, por una señal equivalente a 6 MIPs. Un modelo del detector basado en el simulador Spice se ha desarrollado y comprobado con los datos experimentales, resultando una buena herramienta para la mejora de futuros protipos. Al final, la última propuesta consiste en el nuevo diseño, fabricación y una primera investigación de detectores stripixel 3D. El dispositivo está compuesto de electrodos con forma de columna (ambos los tipo n+ y p+) distribuidos en una cara del substrato según una configuración romboidal. Estos electrodos están conectados entre ellos por medio de dos grupos de pistas metálicas perpendiculares definidas en dos capas de metal separadas que permiten leer las coordenadas X-Y de eventos ionizantes. El diseño del dispositivo ha sido mejorado gracias a simulaciones realizadas con TCAD Sentaurus y la posibilidad de detectar dos dimensiones de un evento de ionización se ha demostrado reconstruyendo la posición de un haz láser dentro de un píxel, definido por dos pistas de tipo p+ consecutivas cruzadas con dos pistas de tipo n+. De las medidas se ha obtenido una resolución espacial de 23 μm. Todos los estudios preliminares, los métodos de fabricación y de caracterización se presentan en los capítulos de esta tesis juntos con los resultados experimentales.In view of the new generation of high luminosity colliders, HL-LHC and ILC, a farther investigation of silicon radiation detectors design and technology is demanded, in order to satisfy the stringent requirements of the experiments at such sophisticated machines. In this thesis, innovative technologies of silicon radiation detectors for future tracking system are proposed. Three different devices have been studied and designed with the help of different tools for computer simulations. They have been manufactured in the IMB-CNM clean room facilities in Barcelona and characterized with proper experimental setups in order to test both the detectors capabilities and the quality and suitability of the technologies used for their fabrication process. The first technology deals with the upgrade of dedicated sensors for laser alignment systems in future tracker detectors. The design and technology of common single-sided silicon microstrip detectors have been slightly modified in order to improve IR light transmittance of the devices. The layout of the sensors has been decided following the hints of optical simulations and the fabrication process has been properly monitored, obtaining a final transmittance of 50% with a baseline pitch of 50μm. The second device is a novel 2D position sensitive detector based on the standard technology of single-sided AC coupled, silicon microstrip detectors in which resistive coupling electrodes made of polysilicon have been integrated. The resistive charge division method, applied reading out the resistive electrodes at both ends, was used to obtain spatial information on the coordinate of an ionizing event along the strip length. The prototypes fabricated, characterized with a laser setup, showed a longitudinal spatial resolution of about 1.1% of the total strip length (20 mm) for a 6MIPs signal. A Spice-like model of the detector has been developed and crosscheck with the experimental results, providing a good simulation tool for future prototypes optimization. Finally, the last proposal deals with the new design, fabrication and first characterization of double columns stripixel detectors. The device consists of double-column electrodes (both n+ and p+) arranged in a diamond configuration on one side of the n-type silicon bulk and connected by two sets of perpendicular strips organized in two separated metal layers, that allow a X-Y projective readout of the sensor. The design has been optimized with the use of TCAD Sentaurus simulations and 2D position sensitivity has been demonstrated reconstructing a laser beam position within two consecutive p+-type strips crossing two consecutive n+-type strips, with a spatial resolution of 23 μm. The preliminary studies, the fabrication and characterization methods along with the experimental results are presented and discussed in the dedicated chapters of this thesis

New technologies of silicon position-sensitive detectors for future tracker systems

En vista de la nueva generación de colisionadores de alta luminosidad, HL-LHC y ILC, se hace necesaria una investigación más profunda del diseño y de la tecnología de los detectores de radiaciones basados en silicio, al fin de satisfacer las peticiones de los experimentos en maquinas tan sofisticadas. En esta tesis se presentan tecnologías innovadoras de detectores de radiaciones basados en silicio para futuros trazadores. Tres diferentes dispositivos han sido estudiados y diseñados con la ayuda de diferentes herramientas de simulación. Luego, han sido fabricados en la sala blanca del IMB-CNM de Barcelona y caracterizados con diferentes configuraciones experimentales adecuadas para evaluar la calidad de los detectores y la idoneidad de las tecnologías utilizadas en sus procesos de fabricación. La primera tecnología fue desarrollada con la intención de mejorar los sensores dedicados a sistemas de alineamiento láser en futuros detectores de trazas. El diseño y la tecnología de los detectores de micropistas de una cara p+-in-n, ha sido ligeramente modificada al fin de aumentar la transmitancia de luz Infra-Roja. El diseño de los sensores se ha basado en simulaciones ópticas y el proceso de fabricación ha sido monitoreado consiguiendo una transmitancia del 50% con un paso entre las pistas de 50μm. El segundo dispositivo es un nuevo detector de una cara sensible a la posición en dos dimensiones, basado en tecnología estándar de detectores de silicio de micropistas en los cuales se han generado electrodos resistivos de silicio policristalino acoplados en AC con los implantes. El método de división de carga por resistencias se aplicó leyendo los electrodos resistivos por los dos lados y se usó para obtener informacion sobre la coordenada espacial de un evento ionizante a lo largo de las pistas. Los prototipos que se fabricaron fueron caracterizados con un sistema de láser, con lo que se obtuvo una resolución espacial de aproximadamente el 1.1% de la longitud de la pista, por una señal equivalente a 6 MIPs. Un modelo del detector basado en el simulador Spice se ha desarrollado y comprobado con los datos experimentales, resultando una buena herramienta para la mejora de futuros protipos. Al final, la última propuesta consiste en el nuevo diseño, fabricación y una primera investigación de detectores stripixel 3D. El dispositivo está compuesto de electrodos con forma de columna (ambos los tipo n+ y p+) distribuidos en una cara del substrato según una configuración romboidal. Estos electrodos están conectados entre ellos por medio de dos grupos de pistas metálicas perpendiculares definidas en dos capas de metal separadas que permiten leer las coordenadas X-Y de eventos ionizantes. El diseño del dispositivo ha sido mejorado gracias a simulaciones realizadas con TCAD Sentaurus y la posibilidad de detectar dos dimensiones de un evento de ionización se ha demostrado reconstruyendo la posición de un haz láser dentro de un píxel, definido por dos pistas de tipo p+ consecutivas cruzadas con dos pistas de tipo n+. De las medidas se ha obtenido una resolución espacial de 23 μm. Todos los estudios preliminares, los métodos de fabricación y de caracterización se presentan en los capítulos de esta tesis juntos con los resultados experimentales.In view of the new generation of high luminosity colliders, HL-LHC and ILC, a farther investigation of silicon radiation detectors design and technology is demanded, in order to satisfy the stringent requirements of the experiments at such sophisticated machines. In this thesis, innovative technologies of silicon radiation detectors for future tracking system are proposed. Three different devices have been studied and designed with the help of different tools for computer simulations. They have been manufactured in the IMB-CNM clean room facilities in Barcelona and characterized with proper experimental setups in order to test both the detectors capabilities and the quality and suitability of the technologies used for their fabrication process. The first technology deals with the upgrade of dedicated sensors for laser alignment systems in future tracker detectors. The design and technology of common single-sided silicon microstrip detectors have been slightly modified in order to improve IR light transmittance of the devices. The layout of the sensors has been decided following the hints of optical simulations and the fabrication process has been properly monitored, obtaining a final transmittance of 50% with a baseline pitch of 50μm. The second device is a novel 2D position sensitive detector based on the standard technology of single-sided AC coupled, silicon microstrip detectors in which resistive coupling electrodes made of polysilicon have been integrated. The resistive charge division method, applied reading out the resistive electrodes at both ends, was used to obtain spatial information on the coordinate of an ionizing event along the strip length. The prototypes fabricated, characterized with a laser setup, showed a longitudinal spatial resolution of about 1.1% of the total strip length (20 mm) for a 6MIPs signal. A Spice-like model of the detector has been developed and crosscheck with the experimental results, providing a good simulation tool for future prototypes optimization. Finally, the last proposal deals with the new design, fabrication and first characterization of double columns stripixel detectors. The device consists of double-column electrodes (both n+ and p+) arranged in a diamond configuration on one side of the n-type silicon bulk and connected by two sets of perpendicular strips organized in two separated metal layers, that allow a X-Y projective readout of the sensor. The design has been optimized with the use of TCAD Sentaurus simulations and 2D position sensitivity has been demonstrated reconstructing a laser beam position within two consecutive p+-type strips crossing two consecutive n+-type strips, with a spatial resolution of 23 μm. The preliminary studies, the fabrication and characterization methods along with the experimental results are presented and discussed in the dedicated chapters of this thesis

Multi-arrays of 3D cylindrical microdetectors for beam characterization and microdosimetry in proton therapy

International audienceThe present work shows the performance of two new large microdosimetry multi-array systems having two different configurations, namely, pixel and strip configurations. They cover radiation sensitive areas of 1.9 cm × 0.1 cm and 5.1 cm × 0.1 cm, respectively. The microdosimetry systems are based on arrays of 3D cylindrical silicon microdetectors. The 3D electrodes are etched inside the silicon and have a 25 μm diameter and a 20 μm depth. Each of these unit cells is completely isolated from the others and has a well defined 3D micrometric radiation sensitive volume. The pixel-type device consists of 25 × 5 independent silicon-based detectors (500 in total), each one connected to a readout channel, collecting information in 2D in the transverse planes to the particle beam direction. The distance between the individual detectors (pitch) is 200 μm in the horizontal axis and 250 μm in the vertical one. In the case of the strip-type system, we have 512 “columns” (or strips) of 10 detectors per column. Each strip is connected to a readout channel, giving us information in one dimension, but with better statistics than a single pixel. In this system, both the horizontal and vertical pitches are 100 μm.Both systems have been tested under proton beam irradiations at different energies between 6 and 24 MeV to obtain the corresponding microdosimetry quantities along the Bragg peak and distal edge. The measurements were performed at the Accélérateur Linéaire et Tandem à Orsay (ALTO, France). The microdosimetry quantities were successfully obtained with spatial resolutions of 100–250 μm. Experimental results were compared to Monte Carlo simulations and an overall good agreement was found. Both microdetector systems showed a good microdosimetry performance under clinical-equivalent fluence rates along distances of several centimeters. This work demonstrates that the two new systems having different configurations can be clinically used as microdosimeters for measuring the lineal energy distributions in the context of proton therapy treatments. Additionally, they could be also used for beam monitoring.</jats:p

Microdosimetry performance of the first multi-arrays of 3D-cylindrical microdetectors

International audienceThe present work reports on the microdosimetry measurements performed with the two first multi-arrays of microdosimeters with the highest radiation sensitive surface covered so far. The sensors are based on new silicon-based radiation detectors with a novel 3D cylindrical architecture. Each system consists of arrays of independent microdetectors covering 2 mm$\times$2 mm and 0.4 mm$\times$12 cm radiation sensitive areas, the sensor distributions are arranged in layouts of 11$\times$11 microdetectors and 3$\times$3 multi-arrays, respectively. We have performed proton irradiations at several energies to compare the microdosimetry performance of the two systems, which have different spatial resolution and detection surface. The unitcell of both arrays is a 3D cylindrical diode with a 25 $\mu$m diameter and a 20 $\mu$m depth that results in a welldefined and isolated radiation sensitive micro-volume etched inside a silicon wafer. Measurements were carried out at the Accélérateur Linéaire et Tandem à Orsay (ALTO) facility by irradiating the two detection systems with monoenergetic proton beams from 6 to 20 MeV at clinical-equivalent fluence rates. The microdosimetry quantities were obtained with a spatial resolution of 200 $\mu$m and 600 $\mu$m for the 11$\times$11 system and for the 3$\times$3 multi-array system, respectively. Experimental results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations and an overall good agreement was found. The good performance of both microdetector arrays demonstrates that this architecture and both configurations can be used clinically as microdosimeters for measuring the lineal energy distributions and, thus, for RBE optimization of hadron therapy treatments. Likewise, the results have shown that the devices can be also employed as a multipurpose device for beam monitoring in particle accelerators

Comparison of the radiation hardness of Magnetic Czochralski and Epitaxial silicon substrates after 26MeV proton and reactor neutron irradiation

We report on the processing and characterization of microstrip sensors and pad detectors produced on n- and p-type Magnetic Czochralski (MCz), Epitaxial (EPI) and Float Zone (FZ) silicon within the SMART project to develop radiation-hard silicon position sensitive detectors for future colliders. Each wafer contains 10 microstrip sensors with different geometries, several diodes and test structures. The isolation in the strip detectors produced on p-type material has been achieved by means of a uniform p-spray implantation, with doping of 3E12 cm-2 (low-dose p-spray) and 5E12 cm-2 (high-dose p-spray). The samples have undergone irradiations with 26MeV protons and reactor neutrons up to ~1E16 cm-2 1MeV equivalent neutrons (neq/cm2), and have been completely characterized before and after irradiation in terms of leakage current, depletion voltage and breakdown voltage. The current damage parameter α has been determined for all substrates. MCz diodes show less pronounced dependence of effective doping concentration Neff on the fluence when compared to standard FZ silicon, giving results comparable to diffusion oxygenated FZ devices for all irradiation sources. The observed increase of Neff with fluence can be interpreted in EPI material as a net donor introduction process, overcompensating the usual acceptor introduction process. This effect is stronger for 26MeV proton irradiation than for neutron irradiation

Comparison of bioresorbable vs durable polymer drug-eluting stents in unprotected left main (from the RAIN-CARDIOGROUP VII Study)

International audienceAbstract Background There are limited data regarding the impact of bioresorbable polymer drug eluting stent (BP-DES) compared to durable polymer drug eluting stent (DP-DES) in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention using ultrathin stents in left main or bifurcations. Methods In the RAIN registry (ClinicalTrials NCT03544294, june 2018 retrospectively registered) patients with a ULM or bifurcation stenosis treated with PCI using ultrathin stents (struts thinner than 81 μm) were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR); major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, TLR and stent thrombosis) and its components, along with target vessel revascularization (TVR) were the secondary ones. A propensity score with matching analysis to compare patients treated with BP-DES versus DP-DES was also assessed. Results From 3001 enrolled patients, after propensity score analysis 1400 patients (700 for each group) were selected. Among them, 352 had ULM disease and 1048 had non-LM bifurcations. At 16 months (12–22), rates of TLR (3.7% vs 2.9%, p = 0.22) and MACE were similar (12.3% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.74) as well as for the other endpoints. Sensitivity analysis of outcomes after a two-stents strategy, showed better outcome in term of MACE (20.4% vs 10%, p = 0.03) and TVR (12% vs 4.6%, p = 0.05) and a trend towards lower TLR in patients treated with BP-DES. Conclusion In patients with bifurcations or ULM treated with ultrathin stents BP-DES seems to perform similarly to DP-DES: the trends toward improved clinical outcomes in patients treated with the BP-DES might potentially be of value for speculating the stent choice in selected high-risk subgroups of patients at increased risk of ischemic events. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03544294 . Retrospectively registered June 1, 2018

RD50 Status Report 2008 - Radiation hard semiconductor devices for very high luminosity colliders

The objective of the CERN RD50 Collaboration is the development of radiation hard semiconductor detectors for very high luminosity colliders, particularly to face the requirements of a possible upgrade scenario of the LHC.This document reports the status of research and main results obtained after the sixth year of activity of the collaboration