Cluster size and composition dependent water deprotonation by free manganese oxide clusters

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Assessment of the applicability of failure frequency models for dense phase carbon dioxide pipelines

In Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) schemes, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is captured from large scale industrial emitters and transported to geological sites for storage. The most efficient method for the transportation of CO2 is via pipeline in the dense phase. CO2 is a hazardous substance which, in the unlikely event of an accidental release, could cause people harm. To correspond with United Kingdom (UK) safety legislation, the design and construction of proposed CO2 pipelines requires compliance with recognised pipeline codes. The UK code PD-8010-1 defines the separation distance between a hazardous pipeline and a nearby population as the minimum distance to occupied buildings using a substance factor. The value of the substance factor should be supported by the results of a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) approach to ensure the safe design, construction and operation of a dense phase CO2 pipeline. Failure frequency models are a major part of this QRA approach and the focus of this paper is a review of existing oil and gas pipeline third-party external interference failure frequency models to assess whether they could be applied to dense phase CO2 pipelines. It was found that the high design pressure requirement for a dense phase CO2 pipeline typically necessitates the use of high wall thickness linepipe in pipeline construction; and that the wall thickness of typical dense phase CO2 pipelines is beyond the known range of applicability for the pipeline failure equations used within existing failure frequency models. Furthermore, even though third party external interference failure frequency is not sensitive to the product that a pipeline transports, there is however a limitation to the application of existing UK fault databases with to onshore CO2 pipelines as there are currently no dense phase CO2 pipelines operating in the UK. Further work needs to be conducted to confirm the most appropriate approach for calculating failure frequency for dense phase CO2 pipelines, and it is recommended that a new failure frequency model suitable for dense phase CO2 pipelines is developed that can be readily updated to the latest version of the fault database

Habitat-dependent outdoor recreation and conservation organizations can enable recreational fishers to contribute to conservation of coastal marine ecosystems

Stakeholder engagement is essential to conserve ecosystems and associated biodiversity. Outdoor recreation specialists represent stakeholder groups that often rely on specific healthy ecosystems and have unique incentives to contribute to conservation and stewardship. We introduce the concept of habitat-dependent outdoor recreation conservation organizations (HDORCOs) and their potential to harness outdoor recreation enthusiasm to achieve ecosystem-scale conservation objectives. We identify potential roles for HDORCOs in nurturing pro-environmental attitudes and facilitating stewardship behavior among recreationists, focusing on examples from recreational fishing specialists and coastal marine ecosystems. While HDORCOs have achieved conservation outcomes in a range of settings, transferability across recreational specializations and ecological, cultural, socioeconomic, and governance contexts could remain challenging and potentially requires further development of the HDORCO concept. Communication with HDORCOs is one strategy to enhance engagement of recreationists, stakeholder groups not traditionally associated with pro-environmental behavior, in ecosystem-scale conservation efforts

Classical and quantum pumping in closed systems

Pumping of charge (Q) in a closed ring geometry is not quantized even in the strict adiabatic limit. The deviation form exact quantization can be related to the Thouless conductance. We use Kubo formalism as a starting point for the calculation of both the dissipative and the adiabatic contributions to Q. As an application we bring examples for classical dissipative pumping, classical adiabatic pumping, and in particular we make an explicit calculation for quantum pumping in case of the simplest pumping device, which is a 3 site lattice model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. The long published version is cond-mat/0307619. This is the short unpublished versio

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Decoherence of a Superposition of Macroscopic Current States in a SQUID

We show that fundamental conservation laws mandate parameter-free mechanisms of decoherence of quantum oscillations of the superconducting current between opposite directions in a SQUID -- emission of phonons and photons at the oscillation frequency. The corresponding rates are computed and compared with experimental findings. The decohering effects of external mechanical and magnetic noise are investigated

The main factors affecting heat transfer along dense phase CO2 pipelines

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) schemes will necessarily involve the transportation of large volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the capture source of the CO2 to the storage or utilisation site. It is likely that the majority of the onshore transportation of CO2 will be through buried pipelines. Although onshore CO2 pipelines have been operational in the United States of America for over 40 years, the design of CO2 pipelines for CCS systems still presents some challenges when compared with the design of natural gas pipelines. The aim of this paper is to investigate the phenomenon of heat transfer from a buried CO2 pipeline to the surrounding soil and to identify the key parameters that influence the resultant soil temperature. It is demonstrated that, unlike natural gas pipelines, the CO2 in the pipeline retains its heat for longer distances resulting in the potential to increase the ambient soil temperature and influence environmental factors such as crop germination and water content. The parameters that have the greatest effect on heat transfer are shown to be the inlet temperature and flow rate, i.e. pipeline design parameters, that are within the control of the pipeline operator rather than environmental parameters. Consequently, by carefully controlling the design parameters of the pipeline it is possible to control the heat transfer to the soil and the temperature drop along the pipeline

Charge and Spin Quantum Fluids Generated by Many-Electron Interactions

In this paper we describe the electrons of the 1D Hubbard model by a fluid of unpaired rotated electrons and a fluid of zero-spin rotated-electron pairs. The rotated electrons are related to the original electrons by a mere unitary transformation. For all finite values of energy and for the whole parameter space of the model this two-fluid picture leads to a description of the energy eigenstates in terms of occupancy configurations of $\eta$-spin 1/2 holons, spin 1/2 spinons, and $c$ pseudoparticles only. The electronic degrees of freedom couple to external charge (and spin) probes through the holons and $c$ pseudoparticles (and spinons). Our results refer to very large values of the number of lattice sites $N_a$. The holon (and spinon) charge (and spin transport is made by $2\nu$-holon (and $2\nu$-spinon) composite pseudoparticles such that $\nu=1,2,...$.Comment: 25 pages, no figure

Unconscious associations between stressor type and ability to cope: An experimental approach using ancient and modern sources of stress

Objectives: Work has emerged that suggests it is salient and feasible to include a chronological approach to the taxonomy of stress. The ability to make an explicit distinction between ancient stressors (AS) and modern stressors (MS) has been reported in young and older adults; AS have been associated with greater ability to cope and MS with poorer health outcomes. Whether these explicit distinctions exist at an implicit, unconscious level, has yet to be determined. Design: A quantitative design employed a computer-based Implicit Association Test (IAT) to examine implicit associations between AS/MS and coping appraisal. Methods: One hundred adults (75 females) aged 18–58 years (M = 28.27 years, SD = 10.02) completed the AS/MS IAT, to compare reaction time (RT) and accuracy between consistent pairs (AS/ability to cope; MS/inability to cope) and inconsistent pair responses (AS/inability to cope; MS/ability to cope); followed by an explicit self-report questionnaire. Results: Repeated measures ANCOVAs, controlling for sex and age, revealed significant main effects of faster RT and higher accuracy in responses for consistent than inconsistent pairs. Adult participants made implicit associations indicating an unconscious AS and MS distinction. Using the D algorithm, a univariate ANCOVA and independent t-tests found that males, compared to females, showed a stronger implicit preference for consistent than inconsistent pairs. Conclusions: Findings suggest an implicit association between ancient and modern stressors and perceived coping ability. Utilizing a chronological taxonomy for understanding evolutionary origins that drive individual’s responses to stress has implications for developing effective coping strategies to improve health outcomes