Emergências hiperglicêmicas e seus impactos na sala de emergência: uma revisão de literatura / Hyperglycemic emergencies and their impacts in the emergency room: a literature review

Introdução: Hiperglicemia é uma causa muito comum nas emergências médicas, sendo uma alteração de descompensação do metabolismo. Os estados hiperglicêmicos agudos compreendem a cetoacidose diabética e o coma hiperosmolar hiperglicêmico não cetótico. Objetivo: Analisar as duas principais condições hiperglicêmicas, que representam um desafio para o clínico e o médico generalista em salas de emergências. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que incluiu estudos, com dados de pacientes em situação de emergência hiperglicêmica, publicados entre 2010 e 2020, disponíveis na íntegra em inglês, em espanhol ou em português, na base de dados LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, com os termos: “Hiperglicemia”, “Emergência”, “Departamento/Sala de emergência”, “Crise hiperglicêmica” e “Impactos”. Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão 19 artigos, os quais, após a leitura na íntegra, tiveram as informações sintetizadas, agrupadas por semelhanças ao tema e analisadas de forma descritiva. Resultados e discussão:  Crises hiperglicêmicas podem ocorrer em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 ou tipo 2, assim, requer manejo rápido e tratamento da causa base, visando evitar a mortalidade.

Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson: uma doença dermatológica ou uma farmacodermia? / Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: a dermatological disease or a pharmacodermia?

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome de Stevens-Johnson refere-se à uma reação mucocutânea aguda caracterizada por necrose e descolamento extenso da epiderme. É uma síndrome rara e com etiologia desconhecida, relacionada sensibilidade a medicações ou a infecções por vírus como herpes simples e micoplasma. O quadro clínico se inicia com um exantema prodrômico morbiliforme disseminado com acometimento centrífugo envolvendo mucosas e evolui com necrose epidérmica e eritema e erupções dolorosas em mucosas. O diagnóstico é clínico e o tratamento é controverso, envolvendo corticosteroides, clorexidina oral e imunomoduladores. OBJETIVO: Entender a Síndrome de Steve Johnson relacionado com seus sintomas dermatológicos e suas etiologias farmacológicas. METODOLOGIA: trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa com dados coletados nas bases Scielo e Pubmed com 13 artigos coletados. DISCUSSÃO E RESULTADOS:. Foram descritos diversos fatores de risco que estão relacionados com a gravidade da apresentação da doença bem como a extensão da superfície corporal acometida. É importante ressaltar ainda as limitações das opções terapêuticas e a importância da assertividade das indicações para que não haja uma piora do quadro. CONCLUSÃO: a Síndrome de Steven Johnson é uma afecção rara, com potencial letalidade e apresenta como sintomas principais a descamação dérmica além de ulceração na mucos. Pode ser desencadeada principalmente pelo uso de medicações e em pessoas com fatores de risco. Poucos estudos foram realizados a respeito da síndrome e seu tratamento.

Os impactos do iam para o sistema único de saúde e para o Brasil / The impacts of iam for the unique health system and for Brazil

A partir da década de 1960 vem ocorrendo diminuição das doenças infecto-parasitárias (DIP) e aumento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT). O Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio (IAM) é a principal causa das Doenças Cardiovasculares (DCV). Dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) de 2013 revelavam que o IAM foi a principal causa de morte por doença cardíaca no Brasil e os especialistas projetam que assim seja nos próximos anos caso medidas não sejam instituídas visando inverter essa curva. Dessa forma, é de importância obter atendimento pré-hospitalar rápido e eficiente reduzindo o tempo entre o início do evento isquêmico e necrose até o tratamento. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é interpretar a prevalência do IAM em relação a regiões, sexo e idade no Brasil e o possível impacto disso nos custos pro sistema único de saúde (SUS). A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisão sistemática da literatura, usando como base de dados Pubmed, Scielo e Google Acadêmico a partir das seguintes palavras-chaves: “IAM”. “incidência” e “prevalência”.

O trabalho da enfermagem em um serviço de controle de infecção hospitalar (SCIH): relato de experiência / The work of nursing in a hospital infection control service (SCIH): experience report

As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) representam um grande problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Por isso, um dos campos que a enfermagem trabalha é no SCIH, realizando ações importantes para o combate de IRAS. Sendo assim, o artigo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de acadêmicos de enfermagem da Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA) em um SCIH de um hospital particular de Belém, Pará. Este estudo é descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo relato de experiência. Durante a experiência, notou-se a importância que a enfermagem possui no controle e prevenção das IRAS. De uma forma geral, percebeu-se a influência que um SCIH tem quando relacionado a qualidade do serviço do hospital, haja vista que, os profissionais seguem as normas estabelecidas, e isso influencia diretamente na segurança do paciente e do próprio trabalhador, trazendo benefícios para o paciente, colaboradores e serviços de saúde

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials