PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK MENIRAN (Phyllantus niruri L.) DOSIS BERTINGKAT TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGIS HEPAR : Studi pada Mencit Balb/c dengan Induksi Methanyl Yellow

Latar Belakang: Methanyl yellow merupakan bahan pewarna sintetik. Pewarna ini sering disalahgunakan untuk mewarnai berbagai jenis pangan. Hal ini berpengaruh pada hepar sebagai organ metabolik dan detoksifikasi. Filantin merupakan salah satu komponen utama meaniran yang berifat hepatoprotektif terhadap zat toksik (antihepatotoksik) seperti bahan kima. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun meniran (Phyllantus niruri L) dosis bertingkat terhadap gambaran histopatologis hepar mencit balb/c dengan induksi methanyl yellow. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian true eksperimental laboratorik dengan Post Test Only Control Group Design. Sampel sebanyak 25 ekor mencit balb/c yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, diadaptasi selama 7 hari. Kelompok kontrol hanya diberi pakan dan minum standar, kelompok P1 diberi 63 mg/hari methanyl yellow, kelompok P2 diberi 63 mg/hari methanyl yellow dan ekstrak meniran 1,4 mg/hari, kelompok P3 diberi 63 mg/hari methanyl yellow dan ekstrak meniran 2,8 mg/hari, dan kelompok P4 diberi 63 mg/hari methanyl yellow dan ekstrak Meniran 5,6 mg/hari. Setelah 30 hari, dilakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi hepar berupa degenerasi dan inflamasi berdasarkan skor knodel yang dimodifikasi. Hasil: Rerata degenerasi sel hepar tertinggi pada kelompok P1, sedangkan inflamasi terdapat pada kelompok P4. Pada degenerasi terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p0,05). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan gambaran histopatologis hepar mencit balb/c pada pemberian methanyl yellow dan ekstrak meniran peroral dosis bertingkat selama 30 hari. Kata Kunci: Methanyl yellow, hati, hepar, inflamasi, degenerasi, menira

PENGARUH PAPARAN PER ORAL FLUORIDA DALAM PASTA GIGI DENGAN DOSIS BERTINGKAT TERHADAP GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIS GINJAL MENCIT BALB/C USIA 3-4 MINGGU

Latar belakang: Penyakit gigi pada anak prasekolah dapat dicegah dengan pasta gigi berfluorida, tetapi pemakaiannya harus diawasi karena pasta gigi tersebut sering tertelan. Fluorida yang masuk ke tubuh, hampir semuanya, diekskresi melalui ginjal sehingga kadar fluorida dalam ginjal meningkat dan dapat mempengaruhi gambaran histologi ginjal. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh paparan per oral fluorida dalam pasta gigi dengan dosis bertingkat terhadap gambaran mikroskopis ginjal mencit Balb/c usia 3-4 minggu. Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis true experimental dengan rancangan post test only controlled group design. Sampel sebanyak 20 ekor mencit Balb/c usia 3-4 minggu dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol yang hanya diberi pakan standar, kelompok P1 yang diberi 0,0073 mgF, kelompok P2 yang diberi 0,019 mgF, dan kelompok P3 yang diberi 0,054 mgF. Fluorida dalam pasta gigi diberikan per oral dua kali sehari selama 30 hari. Ginjal mencit yang sudah dibuat preparat dinilai tingkat kerusakannya yaitu degenerasi dan nekrosis pada tubulus kontortus proksimal kemudian dilakukan uji analisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, dan Post Hoc. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah degenerasi dan nekrosis paling kecil adalah kelompok perlakuan 1, sedangkan rata-rata jumlah degenerasi dan nekrosis paling besar adalah kelompok perlakuan 2. Pada degenerasi, uji Post Hoc menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) pada K-P1, K-P2, K-P3, P1-P2, dan P1-P3, sedangkan pada P2-P3 didapatkan perbedaan tidak bermakna (p=0,181). Pada nekrosis, uji Post Hoc menujukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) pada K-P1, K-P2, K-P3, P1-P2, dan P1-P3 sedangkan pada P2-P3 didapatkan perbedaan tidak bermakna (p=0,387). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada gambaran mikroskopis ginjal mencit Balb/c usia 3-4 minggu antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan yang diberi fluorida oral dosis bertingkat. Kata kunci: flourida, pasta gigi, ginjal, nekrosis , degeneras

The Histological Differences of Balb/c Mice Uterine Glands in Gestation Period Which Given Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila) Exposure with Graded Dose

Background : Rumput Fatimah (Labisia pumila), a traditional herb, used for accelerating the delivery process. There were controversies about the use of Labisia pumila's extract (eLP). Some articles stated there were cases of miscarriage, which is contrary to the previous research of Labisia pumila in experimental animal.Method : This was an experimental research with Post Only Control Group Test. The samples were 20 pregnant Balb/c mice randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group had given standard food and beverage. Every treatment group (P) administrated with eLP 13 mg/ml/mice/day. P1 administrated day 18 – 20 of pregnancy, P2 day 16 – 20 of pregnancy, P3 day 14 – 20 of pregnancy. Day 20, mice were terminated, the uterus was taken and was made histology slide.Result : Compared with control, P1 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,213). P2 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,050). P3 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,070).Conclusion : There were insignificant differences of uterine glands histology in P compared both with the control group and the treatment group

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU IBU DALAM PEMAKAIAN DISPOSABLE DIAPERS PADA BAYI DAN BATITA DENGAN KEJADIAN RUAM POPOK

Latar Belakang : Penggunaan “pampers” pada batita seharusnya lebih berhati–hati karena dapat menimbulkan beberapa dampak negatif pada kulit salah satunya ruam popok. Ruam popok merupakan salah satu masalah kulit berupa iritasi dan inflamasi pada area popok yang banyak ditemukan pada batita dengan frekuensi pergantian popok yang minimal. Untuk mencegah terjadinya ruam popok, dibutuhkan pengetahuan dan perilaku yang tepat dari orangtua, terutama para ibu, mengenai cara pemakaian dan lama pemakaian popok sekali pakai. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan perilaku ibu dalam pemakaian popok sekali pakai pada batita dengan kejadian ruam popok di wilayah posyandu Kelurahan Meteseh. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 40 ibu dengan batita yang menggunakan diapers dalam kegiatan posyandu di delapan RW di kelurahan Meteseh yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan teknik consecutive sampling . Analisa data menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil : Analisis data menunjukkan nilai p pengetahuan ibu mengenai pemakaian diapers dengan ruam popok sebesar 0,031 dan Prevalence Ratio (PR) 0,220. Sementara itu, nilai p perilaku ibu mengenai pemakaian diapers dengan ruam popok sebesar 0,048 dan Prevalence Ratio (Pr) 0,266. Nilai p untuk hubungan pengetahuan ibu dengan perilaku ibu terkait pemakaian popok sekali pakai pada batitanya sebesar 0,007. Kesimpulan : Adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan ibu, perilaku ibu dalam pemakaian diapers pada batitanya dengan kejadian ruam popok di wilayah posyandu kelurahan Meteseh. Kata Kunci : Ruam popok, Pengetahuan, Perilaku, Diaper

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS BERTINGKAT EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA PUTIH (Hylocereus undatus) TERHADAP GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIS PARU MENCIT Balb/c YANG DIBERI PAPARAN ASAP OBAT NYAMUK BAKAR

Background: The use of mosquito-coil are quite high. Mosquito-coil contains a chemical substance allethrin and its combustion produces Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, carbonmonoxide, carbondioxide, nitrogen oxides, and aldehydes. Mosquito-coil smoke trigger infiltration of inflammatory cell and destruction of alveoli, causes lungs damage. White pitaya peels underutilized in use though have high polyphenol content that can act as lungs damage prevention. Aim: To analyze the effect of white pitaya peels (Hylocereus undatus) extract on microscopic lungs damage of the Balb/c mice exposed by mosquito-coil smoke. Methods: This research was used True experimental post-test only control group design. The samples were 25 Balb/c mice with certain criteria, divided into 5 groups. K1 was untreated group, K2 was given mosquito-coil smoke exposure 8 hours per day, P1, P2, P3 were given mosquito-coil smoke exposure 8 hours per day and were given white pitaya peels extract with respectively doses 7.5 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL. This research was lasted 21 days. On the 22nd day, the mice were terminated and put its lungs to be examined microscopically. Result: Mann-Whitney test showed there were significant differences groups of K1-K2, K2-P1 and K2-P3 (p <0.05). K2 had more severe degree damage than the K1 and P1, P3 showed more lighter degree damage than K2. There was no significant difference groups of P1- P2- P3 and K2-P2. Conclusion: The white pitaya peels extracts decrease the damage of lungs microscopic of Balb/c mice exposed by mosquito-coil smoke. Keywords: lungs, pitaya peels, mosquito-coil, antioxidant, polyphenol

Acute Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) on Liver and Kidney of Switzerland Mice

Introduction: The soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) has widely been used as traditional medicine for cancer. No studies have been conduct to investigate the safety of the extract. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity test of soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) on Swiss mice’s liver and kidney.Methods: Twenty four mice were divided into 4 groups. Group I was control group, while group II-IV was given soursoup leaves extract as single dose orally via sonde. The mice were obsereved until day 7 to determine the LD50 and at the end were terminated to collect the liver and kidney. The organs later were made into histopathology slides. The slides read with light microscope. The data analyzed with ANOVA and was considered significant at p<0.05.Results: All mice were alive during the 7 days observation and no mice showing the toxic spectrum after the dosing. Microscopically, no damage on the liver and kidney organ among the groups.Conclusion: The LD50 of soursoup leaves extract is more than 2000 mg/kgBW. This result indicate that the extract is practically non toxic and do not damage the liver and kidney

PERBEDAAN GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI KELENJAR UTERINA UTERUS MENCIT BALB/C DALAM PERIODE GESTASI YANG DIBERI PAPARAN EKSTRAK KACIP FATIMAH (LABISIA PUMILA) DENGAN DOSIS BERTINGKAT

Background Rumput Fatimah (Labisia pumila), a traditional herb, used for accelerating the delivery process. There were controversies about the use of Labisia pumila’s extract (eLP). Some articles stated there were cases of miscarriage, which is contrary to the previous research of Labisia pumila in experimental animal. Method This was an experimental research with Post Only Control Group Test. The samples were 20 pregnant Balb/c mice randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group had given standard food and beverage. Every treatment group (P) administrated with eLP 13 mg/ml/mice/day. P1 administrated day 18 – 20 of pregnancy, P2 day 16 – 20 of pregnancy, P3 day 14 – 20 of pregnancy. Day 20, mice were terminated, the uterus was taken and was made histology slide. Result Compared with control, P1 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,213). P2 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,050). P3 showed insignificant differences of uterine glands damage (p=0,070). Conclusion There were insignificant differences of uterine glands damage in P compared both with the control group and the treatment group. Keywords Labisia pumila, Balb/c mice, endometrium, uterine glands, histolog

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMBINASI VITAMIN C DAN E TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI HEPAR TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIPAPAR GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNETIK PONSEL

Latar Belakang: Ponsel merupakan perangkat telekomunikasi yang memancarkan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik. Gelombang elektromagnetik dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan organ tubuh, salah satunya hepar. Vitamin C dan E diketahui sebagai antioksidan yang efeknya akan meningkat jika dikombinasikan. Tujuan: Membuktikan pengaruh pemberian kombinasi vitamin C dan E terhadap gambaran histologi hepar tikus wistar yang diberi paparan gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis true experimental dengan Post Test Only Control Group Design dengan sampel 20 ekor tikus wistar jantan yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel diadaptasi selama 7 hari. Kelompok kontrol negatif hanya diberi pakan dan minum standar, kontrol positif diberi paparan gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel 16 jam/hari, perlakuan 1 diberi paparan gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel 16 jam/hari dan kombinasi 8 mg/hari vitamin C dan 0,54 mg/hari vitamin E, perlakuan 2 diberi paparan gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel 16 jam/hari dan kombinasi 16 mg/hari vitamin C dan 1,08 mg/hari vitamin E. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 14 hari, selanjutnya tikus wistar dianestesi kemudian diterminasi untuk diambil organ heparnya, lalu dilakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi hepar. Hasil: Rerata perubahan histologis sel hepar tertinggi terdapat pada kelompok kontrol positif. Hasil uji beda menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol negatif dengan kontrol positif, perlakuan 1 dan perlakuan 2 dan antara kelompok kontrol positif dengan perlakuan 1 dan perlakuan 2, sedangkan antara perlakuan 1 dan perlakuan 2 tidak berbeda bermakna. Simpulan: Paparan gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel menyebabkan kerusakan sel hepar berupa degenerasi hidropik dan nekrosis yang dapat dihambat oleh kombinasi vitamin C dan E. Kata kunci: gelombang elektromagnetik ponsel, vitamin C, vitamin E, hepar, histopatolog

PENGARUH MADU TERHADAP GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIS DUODENUM PADA TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIBERI MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food seasoning that is often consumed excessively although it is harmful to the body, including on testis. The harmful effect of MSG on testis must be highlighted because it can lead to infertility. Honey as an antioxidant can counteract the harmful effects of MSG on testis. Aim: To prove the effect of multi level doses of honey on microscopic structure of testis in wistar rats induced to monosodium glutamate. Methods: True experimental study "post test only control group design" using 18 wistar rats were divided into 3 groups, P1 was administered MSG 6 mg/g BW/day, P2 was adminstered MSG 6 mg/g BW/day then honey 2 g/200 g BW/day, P3 was adminstered MSG 6 mg/g BW/day then honey 4 g/200 g BW/day. The treatment was 30 days, then the rats were terminated and the microscopic structure of testis was observed with Johnsen Criteria. Results: P1 showed histological structural damage of testis and 80% of seminiferous tubules were in the category of early maturity arrest. P2 showed the repairment of histology structure of testis compared to P1 and 73.33% seminiferous tubules were in the category of late maturity arrest. P3 showed better histological structure of testis compared to others and 53.33% of the seminiferous tubules in the category of obstructive cases/normal. Hypothesis test showed significant difference between each group ( p<0.05). Conclusions: Administration of multi level doses of honey give protective effect to the histological structure of testis which was exposed to MSG. Keywrods: MSG, honey, microscopic structure of testis

Effect of kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) ethanolic leaves extract on uterus of pregnant mice and its teratogenicity

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a source of additional dietary. It contains 9 essential amino acids, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc and vitamins A, C, E and B which have a major role in the immune system. Previous study reported that M. oleifera Lam can increase the hemoglobin of breastfeeding mothers. In contrast, M. oleifera Lam is well known as abortifacient plant, therefore it is not recommended to use during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. oleifera Lam ethanolic leaves extract M. oleifera Lam on uterus of pregnant mice and its teratogenic effect. Twenty pregnant female Balb/c mice were used in this experimental study. Mice were randomized divided into four groups with five mice in each group. Group C as control, mice were not given anything. Group T1-T3 were given M. oleifera Lam ethanolic leaves extract during pregnancy age 7-18 days with doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg BW, respectively.  Phytochemical analysis was performed quantitatively and qualitatively. On day 19, a caesarean section was performed to take the uterus, count the number of living foetus, dead foetus, disability, and other morphological abnormalities. No significant difference between all groups was observed. The abortifacient effect was not also observed in the uterus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis results showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and tannins are identified in this extract. Quantitative steroids analysis results showed that the extract contained steroids of 1057.6 ppm. In conclusion, the M. oleifera Lam ethanolic leaves extract at dose of 30 mg/kg BW does not show any effect on the uterus of pregnant mice. Further study concerning the effects on other organs and hormones is recommended