New Approach to Estimate Extreme Flooding Using Continuous Synthetic Simulation Supported by Regional Precipitation and Non-Systematic Flood Data

[EN] Stochastic weather generators combined with hydrological models have been proposed for continuous synthetic simulation to estimate return periods of extreme floods. Yet, this approach relies upon the length and spatial distribution of the precipitation input data series, which often are scarce, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In this work, we present a new approach for the estimation of extreme floods based on the continuous synthetic simulation method supported with inputs of (a) a regional study of extreme precipitation to improve the calibration of the weather generator (GWEX), and (b) non-systematic flood information (i.e., historical information and/or palaeoflood records) for the validation of the generated discharges with a fully distributed hydrological model (TETIS). The results showed that this complementary information of extremes allowed for a more accurate implementation of both the weather generator and the hydrological model. This, in turn, improved the flood quantile estimates, especially for those associated with return periods higher than 50 years but also for higher quantiles (up to approximately 500 years). Therefore, it has been proved that continuous synthetic simulation studies focused on the estimation of extreme floods should incorporate a generalized representation of regional extreme rainfall and/or non-systematic flood data, particularly in regions with scarce hydrometeorological records.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects TETISCHANGE (RTI2018-093717-B-100) and EPHIMED (CGL2017-86839-C3-1-R), both cofounded with FEDER European funds.Beneyto, C.; Aranda Domingo, JÁ.; Benito, G.; Francés, F. (2020). New Approach to Estimate Extreme Flooding Using Continuous Synthetic Simulation Supported by Regional Precipitation and Non-Systematic Flood Data. Water. 12(11):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113174S1161211Stedinger, J. 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Flood frequency analysis with systematic and historical or paleoflood data based on the two-parameter general extreme value models. Water Resources Research, 30(6), 1653-1664. doi:10.1029/94wr00154Stedinger, J. R., & Baker, V. R. (1987). Surface water hydrology: Historical and paleoflood information. Reviews of Geophysics, 25(2), 119. doi:10.1029/rg025i002p00119Simón, J. L., Pérez-Cueva, A. J., & Calvo-Cases, A. (2013). Tectonic beheading of fluvial valleys in the Maestrat grabens (eastern Spain): Insights into slip rates of Pleistocene extensional faults. Tectonophysics, 593, 73-84. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.026Camarasa Belmonte, A. M., & Segura Beltrán, F. (2001). Flood events in Mediterranean ephemeral streams (ramblas) in Valencia region, Spain. CATENA, 45(3), 229-249. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00146-1Llasat, M. C., & Puigcerver, M. (1990). Cold air pools over Europe. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 42(3-4), 171-177. doi:10.1007/bf01314823Herrera, S., Fernández, J., & Gutiérrez, J. M. (2015). Update of the Spain02 gridded observational dataset for EURO-CORDEX evaluation: assessing the effect of the interpolation methodology. International Journal of Climatology, 36(2), 900-908. doi:10.1002/joc.4391Machado, M. J., Medialdea, A., Calle, M., Rico, M. T., Sánchez-Moya, Y., Sopeña, A., & Benito, G. (2017). Historical palaeohydrology and landscape resilience of a Mediterranean rambla (Castellón, NE Spain): Floods and people. Quaternary Science Reviews, 171, 182-198. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.014Francés, F., Vélez, J. I., & Vélez, J. J. (2007). Split-parameter structure for the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models. Journal of Hydrology, 332(1-2), 226-240. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.032Papastathopoulos, I., & Tawn, J. A. (2013). Extended generalised Pareto models for tail estimation. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 143(1), 131-143. doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2012.07.001El Libro de la Provincia de Castellonhttp://hdl.handle.net/10234/14914Cunnane, C. (1978). Unbiased plotting positions — A review. Journal of Hydrology, 37(3-4), 205-222. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(78)90017-3Gringorten, I. I. (1963). A plotting rule for extreme probability paper. Journal of Geophysical Research, 68(3), 813-814. doi:10.1029/jz068i003p00813Nash, J. E., & Sutcliffe, J. V. (1970). River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10(3), 282-290. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6HAKTANIR, T., & HORLACHER, H. B. (1993). Evaluation of various distributions for flood frequency analysis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 38(1), 15-32. doi:10.1080/02626669309492637Chen, X., & Hossain, F. (2019). Understanding Future Safety of Dams in a Changing Climate. 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Sample Uncertainty Analysis of Daily Flood Quantiles Using a Weather Generator

[EN] The combined use of weather generators (WG) and hydrological models (HM) in what is called synthetic continuous simulation (SCS) has become a common practice for carrying out flood studies. However, flood quantile estimations are far from presenting relatively high confidence levels, which mostly relate to the uncertainty of models¿ input data. The main objective of this paper is to assess how different precipitation regimes, climate extremality, and basin hydrological characteristics impact the uncertainty of daily flood quantile estimates obtained by SCS. A Monte Carlo simulation from 18 synthetic populations encompassing all these scenarios was performed, evaluating the uncertainty of the simulated quantiles. Additionally, the uncertainty propagation of the quantile estimates from the WG to the HM was analyzed. General findings show that integrating the regional precipitation quantile (XT,P) in the WG model calibration clearly reduces the uncertainty of flood quantile estimates, especially those near the regional XT,P. Basin size, climate extremality, and the hydrological characteristics of the basin have been proven not to affect flood quantiles¿ uncertainty substantially. Furthermore, it has been found that uncertainty clearly increases with the aridity of the climate and that the HM is not capable of buffering the uncertainty of flood quantiles, but rather increases it.The authors thank AEMET and the UC for the data provided to carry out this work (Spain02 dataset). This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects TETISCHANGE (RTI2018-093717-B-100) and TETISPREDICT (PID2022-141631OBI00). Funding for the open-access charge has been provided by Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaBeneyto, C.; Vignes, G.; Aranda Domingo, JÁ.; Francés, F. (2023). Sample Uncertainty Analysis of Daily Flood Quantiles Using a Weather Generator. Water. 15(19):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193489116151

Mosquits de la comarca del Baix Llobregat (Diptera, Culicidae)

Des de l'octubre de 1991 fins al març de 1993 es van estudiar les poblacions de Culicidae (Diptera) de la comarca del Baix Llobregat, i es van completar les dades que d'aquest grup es tenien al Servei de Control de Mosquits del Baix Llobregat. S'han examinat 169 mostres amb un total de 4.324 individus en estat larvari, obtingudes de la prospecció directa de 107 focus, i 3.863 individus adults obtinguts de la col·locació de 470 trampes de CO2, en 91 punts diferents. Les trampes tenien una freqüència setmanal i es col·locaven al llarg d'una nit. Això ha permès citar 17 espècies agrupades en 6 gèneres i obtenir dades de la seva fenologia. D'altra banda s'han pogut caracteritzar els diferents biótops larvaris agrupant-los en nou categories diferents i descriure la culícidofauna associada a cadascun d'ells. En estudiar les associacions larvàries d'espècies s'ha observat que la presència o absència d'associació ve determinada pel tipus de focus i no per la presència o absència d'altres espècies.Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of the Baix Llobregat Area (Barcelona, Spain). Culicidae (Diptera) from the Baix Llobregat area were studied from October 1991 until March 1993. This work is a completion of data already gathered by the Baix Llobregat Mosquito Control Service. 4.324 larvae of 169 samples, taken from 107 larval focuses, were studied, as well as 3.863 adults collected by 470 CO2 traps, placed in 91 different localities. Traps were installed weekly all through the night. The study results in 17 species grouped in 6 genera, and allows to obtain phenological data. On the other hand, larval biotopes could be classified in 9 different categories, and their mosquito fauna is described. When biocenoses are considered, it comes out that they are determined by the biotope characteristics, and not by reciprocal incompatibilities between species

Design of Drainage Downspouts Systems over a Road Embankment

[EN] Numerous studies have examined the complex relationship between factors like embankment downspout spacing, height, slope, and rainfall characteristics in the quest to find the best spacing for embankment downspouts. Defining the correct spacing between road drainage elements is of utmost importance in minimizing water flow on roadways. This paper presents a methodology based on numerical methods for the design of road drainage systems using the Iber model. The objective of the work is to propose a tool and criteria for analyzing the hydraulic behavior of runoff on highways, determine the appropriate drainage behavior, and apply the methodology in a case study. This case study is based on a straight highway section with slopes up to 5%, according to Spanish road design regulations. Different dimensions are considered for the chute, drainage channel, collection nozzle, and downspout over the embankment. Tests are carried out to evaluate the separation between downspouts, the longitudinal slope, and the size of the nozzles. The results show the suitable hydraulic performance of the model, besides providing the absorption capacity of each downspout. The influence of the nozzle size, the slope, and the width of the causeway on the draughts and velocities is analyzed. The influence of downspout spacing and nozzle type on road drainage design is determined. In summary, this article presents a methodology and criteria for the design of road drainage systems and shows the results obtained in a case study using the Iber model. The results help in understanding the influence of different variables on the hydraulic behavior of road runoff and provide relevant information for proper drainage design.Aranda Domingo, JÁ.; Sánchez-Juny, M.; Sanz-Ramos, M.; Beneyto, C. (2023). Design of Drainage Downspouts Systems over a Road Embankment. Water. 15(20):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203529119152

Field-captured Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830) is a competent vector for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus in Europe

BACKGROUND: Aedes vexans (Meigen) is considered a nuisance species in central Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is an anthropophilic and mammalophilic floodwater mosquito involved in the transmission of several arboviruses. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a relevant mosquito-borne zoonosis, affecting mainly humans and ruminants, that causes severe impact in public health and economic loses. Due to globalization and climate change, the European continent is threatened by its introduction. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the vector competence of a European field-collected Ae. vexans population. METHODS: Aedes vexans field-collected larvae were reared in the laboratory under field-simulated conditions. To assess the vector competence for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) transmission, adult F0 females were exposed to infectious blood meals containing the 56/74 RVFV strain. Additionally, intrathoracic inoculations with the same virus strain were performed to evaluate the relevance of the salivary gland barriers. Natural circulation of alphavirus, flavivirus and phlebovirus was also tested. RESULTS: To our knowledge, an autochthonous Ae. vexans population was experimentally confirmed as a competent vector for RVFV for the first time. This virus was capable of infecting and disseminating within the studied Ae. vexans mosquitoes. Moreover, infectious virus was isolated from the saliva of disseminated specimens, showing their capacity to transmit the virus. Additionally, a natural infection with a circulating Mosquito flavivirus was detected. The co-infection with the Mosquito flavivirus seemed to modulate RVFV infection susceptibility in field-collected Ae. vexans, but further studies are needed to confirm its potential interference in RVFV transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that field-collected European Ae. vexans would be able to transmit RVFV in case of introduction into the continent. This should be taken into consideration in the design of surveillance and control programmes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Laboratory colonization and maintenance of Anopheles atroparvus from the Ebro Delta, Spain

Background: Historically, Anopheles atroparvus has been considered one of the most important malaria vectors in Europe. Since malaria was eradicated from the European continent, the interest in studying its vectors reduced signifcantly. Currently, to better assess the potential risk of malaria resurgence on the continent, there is a growing need to update the data on susceptibility of indigenous Anopheles populations to imported Plasmodium species. In order to do this, as a frst step, an adequate laboratory colony of An. atroparvus is needed. Methods: Anopheles atroparvus mosquitoes were captured in rice felds from the Ebro Delta (Spain). Field-caught specimens were maintained in the laboratory under simulated feld-summer conditions. Adult females were artifcially blood-fed on fresh whole rabbit blood for oviposition. First- to fourth-instar larvae were fed on pulverized fsh and turtle food. Adults were maintained with a 10% sucrose solution ad libitum. Results: An An. atroparvus population from the Ebro Delta was successfully established in the laboratory. During the colonization process, feeding and hatching rates increased, while a reduction in larval mortality rate was observed. Conclusions: The present study provides a detailed rearing and maintenance protocol for An. atroparvus and a publicly available reference mosquito strain within the INFRAVEC2 project for further research studies involving vectorparasite interactions. Keywords: Anopheles atroparvus, Colonization, Malaria, Europeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The use of artificial intelligence and automatic remote monitoring for mosquito surveillance

Mosquito surveillance consists in the routine monitoring of mosquito populations: to determine the presence/absence of certain mosquito species; to identify changes in the abundance and/or composition of mosquito populations; to detect the presence of invasive species; to screen for mosquito-borne pathogens; and, finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures. This kind of surveillance is typically performed by means of traps, which are regularly collected and manually inspected by expert entomologists for the taxonomical identification of the samples. The main problems with traditional surveillance systems are the cost in terms of time and human resources and the lag that is created between the time the trap is placed and collected. This lag can be crucial for the accurate time monitoring of mosquito population dynamics in the field, which is determinant for the precise design and implementation of risk assessment programs. New perspectives in this field include the use of smart traps and remote monitoring systems, which generate data completely interoperable and thus available for the automatic running of prediction models; the performance of risk assessments; the issuing of warnings; and the undertaking of historical analyses of infested areas. In this way, entomological surveillance could be done automatically with unprecedented accuracy and responsiveness, overcoming the problem of manual inspection labour costs. As a result, disease vector species could be detected earlier and with greater precision, enabling an improved control of outbreaks and a greater protection from diseases, thereby saving lives and millions of Euros in health costs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phenotypic insecticide resistance in arbovirus mosquito vectors in Catalonia and its capital Barcelona (Spain)

A range of mosquito species that belong to the Culicidae family are responsible for the worldwide transmission of infectious arboviral diseases such as dengue fever, Zika, West Nile fever and Chikungunya fever. Spain is at risk of arbovirus outbreaks, as various arboviral diseases are frequently introduced and it has established competent vector populations. Autochthonous human cases of West Nile virus have been reported infrequently since 2004, and since October 2018 three autochthonous human case of dengue fever have been confirmed. In response to an outbreak of any arboviral disease, space spraying or fogging will be implemented to control adult mosquito populations. To ensure adulticiding is costeffective, the insecticide susceptibility status of vectors throughout Catalonia, an autonomous region in north-eastern Spain, was assessed through standardized WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays. All Culex pipiens populations tested were resistant to at least one of the pyrethroids tested, whereas Aedes albopictus populations were susceptible to all pyrethroids tested. More detailed studies on the Cx. pipiens populations from the Barcelona area (the capital and largest city of Catalonia) revealed resistance to all four classes of public health insecticides available (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates and organochlorides). All Ae. albopictus populations were susceptible to those classes, except for one of the tests performed with pirimiphos-methyl (an organophosphate). Pyrethroids are currently the first line chemical class to be used in space spray operations in response to an outbreak of an arboviral disease. While pyrethroids can be effective in reducing Ae. albopictus populations, this class may not be effective to control Cx. pipiens populations.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Neural Network Alterations Across Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review of fMRI Studies

Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided insight on how neural abnormalities are related to the symptomatology of the eating disorders (EDs): anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). More specifically, an increasingly growing number of brain imaging studies has shed light on how functionally connected brain networks contribute not only to disturbed eating behavior, but also to transdiagnostic alterations in body/interoceptive perception, reward processing and executive functioning. Methods: This narrative review aims to summarize recent advances in fMRI studies of patients with EDs by highlighting studies investigating network alterations that are shared across EDs. Results and Conclusion: Findings on reward processing in both AN and BN patients point to the presence of altered sensitivity to salient food stimuli in striatal regions and to the possibility of hypothalamic inputs being overridden by top-down emotional-cognitive control regions. Additionally, innovative new lines of research suggest that increased activations in fronto-striatal circuits are strongly associated with the maintenance of restrictive eating habits in AN patients. Although significantly fewer studies have been carried out in patients with BN and BED, aberrant neural responses to both food cues and anticipated food receipt appear to occur in these populations. These altered responses, coupled with diminished recruitment of prefrontal cognitive control circuitry, are believed to contribute to the binge eating of palatable foods. Results from functional network connectivity studies are diverse, but findings tend to converge on indicating disrupted resting-state connectivity in executive networks, the default-mode network and the salience network across EDs