Utjecaj sastava atmosfere na oksidaciju mljevenog oraha tijekom skladištenja pri 20 °C

The aim of this study is to determine the impact of atmosphere on the oxidation of ground walnut during storage at 20 °C. Seven varieties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) were ground and stored under O2 or N2 atmospheres in hermetically sealed vials for 10 months at room temperature. Antioxidative potential, total phenolic content, fatty acid composition, and oxidative degradation products were determined after 10 months of storage. Cultivar, atmosphere and cultivar×atmosphere interactions significantly influenced the antioxidative potential. Cultivar and atmosphere significantly influenced the content of total polyphenols, with more polyphenols found in walnut stored in the N2 atmosphere. The mass fraction of unsaturated linolenic acid tended to decrease during storage under the O2 atmosphere; statistically significant differences were only found between individual varieties. The O2 atmosphere also resulted in an increase in the synthesis of oxidative degradation products. Among the degradation products, hexanal was the most abundant volatile compound, followed by 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, as well as the mixture of 2-octenal and 1-octen-3-ol. In general, higher concentrations of these degradation products were found in walnut stored under the O2 atmosphere, although these differences were statistically significant only between individual varieties for some compounds.Svrha je ovoga rada bila utvrditi utjecaj sastava atmosfere na oksidaciju mljevenog oraha tijekom skladištenja pri 20 °C. Sedam je sorata oraha (Juglans regia L.) samljeveno i skladišteno 10 mjeseci na sobnoj temperaturi u hermetički zatvorenim posudama u atmosferi s povećanim udjelom kisika ili dušika, pri čemu su određivani sljedeći parametri: antioksidacijski potencijal, ukupni fenoli, sastav masnih kiselina i produkti oksidacije. Kultivar, sastav atmosfere, te interakcija između kultivara i sastava atmosfere bitno su utjecali na antioksidacijski potencijal. Sastav je ukupnih polifenola uvelike ovisio o kultivaru i sastavu atmosfere, a više je polifenola pronađeno u uzorcima skladištenim u atmosferi s povećanim udjelom dušika. Udjel se nezasićene linolenske kiseline smanjio u orasima pohranjenim u atmosferi s povećanim udjelom kisika, a statistički su značajne razlike primijećene jedino između pojedinačnih sorata. U atmosferi s povećanim udjelom kisika nastalo je više produkata oksidacije, pri čemu najviše hlapljivih produkata, i to heksanala, zatim 1-oktan-3-ola, oktanala, te smjese 2-oktenala i 1-okten-3-ola. Veće su koncentracije tih produkata utvrđene u uzorcima skladištenim u atmosferi s povećanim udjelom kisika, iako su bitne razlike pronađene jedino između pojedinih sorata

Pomological Identification of Hazel Cultivars (Corylus avellana L.) in Plantations in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The paper presents the results of the analysis of pomological-technological characteristics of 13 hazel cultivars present in production plantations in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH). Through previous analysis of pomological characteristics of fruit in several hazel plantations it was noted that there was a possibility of erroneous cultivar denomination. These fruits are sold at the domestic market as hazels for consumption, as well as for confectionary and cosmetic industry. Due to the increasing interest of producers in BIH for hazel cultivation and the uncontrolled spread of seedlings by producers through the offshoots from the existing production plantations, a possibility has been created to establish a plantation with erroneous assortment and thus an inadequate cultivar composition, particularly in terms of pollination and fertilization. Therefore, a comparison was carried out of pomological characteristics of fruit and the content of oil in the kernel of 13 hazel cultivars from older plantations in BIH with cultivars from the Collection of Nuts in Maribor owned by the Biotechnical Faculty of Ljubljana. Based on the analysis conducted, a deviation of fruit characteristics of some cultivars was determined, compared to the standard features of cultivars by which names they were labelled. Cultivars labelled by the producer during the collection of samples as: ‘Istrian Round’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni 2’, ‘Hall´s Giant’ and ‘N.N.1’ were identified and they fully corresponded with their characteristics to the following cultivars: ‘Istrian Long’, ‘Mortarela’, ‘Fertile de Coutard’ and ‘Hall´s Giant’. The research also showed that the fruits of the examined cultivars in BIH according to their pomological properties are as good as the fruits of cultivars grown in other areas

The Effects of the Cultivar and Environment on the Phenolic Contents of Hazelnut Kernels

Different climatic conditions are known to affect the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites. Therefore, the phenolic contents in new growing areas could affect the quality and flavor of hazelnuts. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of the phenolic contents of the kernels in different commercial hazelnut cultivars depending on their growing area. Five cultivars (‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’, ‘Merveille de Bollwiller’, ‘Pauetet’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, and ‘Barcelona’ (syn. ‘Fertile de Coutard’)) grown in different European collection orchards were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. Thirteen phenols were identified in the hazelnut kernels, including 7 flavanols, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 3 flavonols, and one dihydrochalcone. Catechin and procyanidin dimers were the main phenolic compounds found in the hazelnut kernels. The highest contents of catechin and total flavanols were determined in cultivars cultivated in Spain and northern Italy, and the lowest in Slovenia and France. Flavanols were the major phenolic groups independent of the place of cultivation, as they accounted for more than 50% of all phenolic compounds identified. The flavanols were followed by hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones. Higher contents of flavanols and flavonols were found in kernels from areas characterized by higher natural irradiation, which stimulates their accumulation. The contents of hydroxybenzoic acids correlated with altitude, which stimulated phenolic acid synthesis. A negative correlation was observed between the dihydrochalcone content and annual rainfall, probably due to hydric stress.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Adolescents' and young people's experiences of social relationships and health concerns during COVID-19

Purpose: To illuminate the meaning of social relationships and health concerns as experienced by adolescents and young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Methods: A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted. Data reported from 172 adolescents and young people aged 12–24 years in five countries; Chile, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States collected from May 2020 to June 2021 were analysed via thematic analysis. / Results: Adolescents and young peoples’ experiences of social relationships and health concerns were described in seven themes: Family proximity, conflicts and frustration; difficulties and challenges related to limited living space; peer relations and maintaining friendship in times of social distancing; the importance of school as a place for interaction; vulnerability, emotional distress and uncertainty about the future; health concerns and sense of caring for others; and worries and concerns related to financial hardship. These reports show that the changes to everyday life that were introduced by public responses to the pandemic generated feelings of loneliness, vulnerability, and emotional distress, as well as increased sense of togetherness with family. / Conclusions: The everyday lives of adolescents and young people were restricted and affected more by the consequences of the pandemic than by the COVID-19 virus. These experiences had various impacts on well-being and mental health, where some individuals felt more exposed and vulnerable to emotional distress and loneliness than others. Family and peer relationships could be protective and support a sense of togetherness and belonging. Hence, social relationships are important to provide emotional support. Support for adolescents and young people should be tailored accordingly around social and emotional concerns, to encourage health and well-being

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Dinamika rasti in rodnosti enoletnih poganjkov oreha sorte \u27Elit\u27

An architectural analysis of a fruiting branch in the Slovenian variety \u27Elit\u27 was conducted during three successive years. The fruit bearing branch was constructed of a three-year-old parent shoot plus all corresponding two-year-old shoots and annual shoots (1Y). The construction of the bearing branch during the time caused a statistically significant increase in the number of annual shoots. The basal diameter and the length of 1Y significantly depended on a year whereas their angles did not. In spite of decreasing length of 1Y, the number of vegetative buds per shoot increased from the first to the third year of observations. The number of nodes was closely correlated with the length of the shoots. Activity points on the 1Y were most often on the apical two or three nodes, what was expressed by a marked acrotony. The number of active points varied as the tree matured. The ratio fruit bearing 1Y ž total 1Y was 0.47 in year 10.18 in year 20.74 in year 3. It points to the slightly alternance. As the tree grew the number of flowering buds per 1Y as well as the number of female flowers per 1Y increased. The results of the three-year-long research show some growth and development rules in the walnut cultivar \u27Elit\u27, however, they do not allow a reliable prediction of the following activities. We assume that this will be possible after another three-year-long analysis, with the help of the Hidden Mark Model.Da bi proučili dinamiko rasti in rodnosti enoletnih poganjkov pri slovenski sorti oreha \u27Elit\u27, smo v treh zaporednih letih izvedli arhitektonsko analizo rodne veje, zgrajene iz triletnega nosilnega poganjka in vseh pripadajočih dveletnih in enoletnih poganjkov (1Y). Z izgradnjo rodne veje se je iz leta v leto statistično značilno povečevalo število 1Y. Leto je značilno vplivalo na bazalno debelino in dolžino 1Y, na njihove kote pa ne. Čeprav se je dolžina 1Y zmanjševala od prvega do tretjega leta opazovanj, je število vegetativnih brstov na 1Y naraščalo. Število nodijev je bilo v vseh letih v tesni zvezi z dolžino poganjkov. Aktivna mesta na 1Y so bila najpogosteje na zadnjih dveh ali treh nodijih, kar se odraza v izraziti akrotoni razrasti. Število aktivnih mest se je povečevalo s starostjo drevesa. Razmerje skupni 1Y/rodni 1Y je bilo v prvem letu 0.47, v drugem letu 0.18, v tretjem letu pa 0.74 in nakazuje rahlo izmenično rodnost. Z leti sta naraščali število rodnih brstov in število zenskih cvetov na 1Y. Triletni rezultati nakazujejo nekatere zakonitosti v rasti in razvoju oreha sorte \u27Elit\u27, ne dopuščajo pa še zanesljivega napovedovanja nadaljnje aktivnosti. Ocenjujemo, da bo s pomočjo Markove verige to mogoče po opravljenih analizah v naslednjem triletnem ciklusu

The Influence of Atmosphere on the Oxidation of Ground Walnut During Storage at 20 °C

The aim of this study is to determine the impact of atmosphere on the oxidation of ground walnut during storage at 20 °C. Seven varieties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) were ground and stored under O2 or N2 atmospheres in hermetically sealed vials for 10 months at room temperature. Antioxidative potential, total phenolic content, fatty acid composition, and oxidative degradation products were determined after 10 months of storage. Cultivar, atmosphere and cultivar×atmosphere interactions significantly influenced the antioxidative potential. Cultivar and atmosphere significantly influenced the content of total polyphenols, with more polyphenols found in walnut stored in the N2 atmosphere. The mass fraction of unsaturated linolenic acid tended to decrease during storage under the O2 atmosphere; statistically significant differences were only found between individual varieties. The O2 atmosphere also resulted in an increase in the synthesis of oxidative degradation products. Among the degradation products, hexanal was the most abundant volatile compound, followed by 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, as well as the mixture of 2-octenal and 1-octen-3-ol. In general, higher concentrations of these degradation products were found in walnut stored under the O2 atmosphere, although these differences were statistically significant only between individual varieties for some compounds

Walnut Husk Fly (<em>Rhagoletis completa</em> Cresson), the Main Burden in the Production of Common Walnut (<em>Juglans regia</em> L.)

The walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa Cresson) is the most important pest of walnuts (Juglans regia L.). It causes economically significant crop losses (up to 80% yield loss) in many growing regions, including the United States and most European walnut-producing countries. This chapter describes the impact of pest infestation on yield quantity and quality along with the current geographic distribution of the pest. Its bionomy and infestation symptoms are described in detail. An overview of monitoring and control methods used is also provided, and new methods that may prove useful for walnut husk fly control are listed. Monitoring the occurrence of the pest is the most important part of controlling the walnut husk fly, as only with an effective monitoring system can insecticides be applied at the appropriate time. Emphasis is placed on biotic protection and the possible role of phenolic compounds in cultivar resistance to walnut husk fly. Other control methods (non-chemical, mechanical, and biological control) are also gaining importance in pest management as more and more active substances in pesticides are regulated or phased out each year. Mechanical control methods are more or less only suitable for walnuts grown in the protected areas