Comparing alternative landscapes: power negotiations in enslaved communities in Louisiana and the Bahamas, an archaeological and historical perspective

textThis dissertation compares the lives of enslaved people of African descent living at Rosedown Plantation in Louisiana with the lives of enslaved people of African descent living at several plantations in the Bahamas. This comparison explores how people living in these oppressive contexts negotiated power over their own lives according to local circumstances and contexts. Archaeological and historical data provide the basis for this study. Through an analysis of material culture recovered from the location of some of the slave quarters at Rosedown, basic assemblage attributes are established for comparison with the published descriptions of material culture recovered from enslaved living contexts at Oakley Plantation in Louisiana and several plantations in the Bahamas. This analysis, complemented by the historical record in both Louisiana and the Bahamas, uncovers several themes occurring throughout the data. These themes include levels of control, levels of surveillance, resistance, medicine, spirituality, and informal law, and are all aspects of the negotiation of power between slaveowners and enslaved people.Anthropolog

Intensive Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Pinewood Trails Project, Montgomery and Liberty Counties, Texas

At the request of LGI Homes-Texas LLC, Pape-Dawson Engineers (Pape-Dawson) conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the proposed Pinewood Trails project located within Montgomery and Liberty Counties, Texas. The project will consist of construction of a water treatment plant, a wastewater treatment plant, well, and detention pond facility on a total of 9 acres (3.6 hectares [ha]) of land. The project also includes approximately 5.1 linear miles of connecting utility lines (8.3 km). The proposed water line will be constructed within a 10-foot (ft) (3 meter [m]) easement, while the wastewater lines will be installed within a 25 ft (7.6 m) easement. The total easement width (including temporary construction easements) will be 100 ft (30 m). Anticipated maximum depth of impacts will be approximately 4-15 ft (1.2-4.6 m) below ground surface for the lines, with approximately 1 ft (0.30 m) of subsurface impacts within the temporary construction easement. Construction will take place on both public and private lands. For the purpose of this project, the Area of Potential Effects (APE) is defined as the facilities’ footprint, total easements for the utility lines, and the anticipated maximum depth of impacts. The water treatment plant, wastewater treatment plant, and well will be owned by the City of Cleveland, and the detention pond facility will be owned by the Cleveland Municipal Utility District (MUD) #1. Therefore, the project will require compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT). In addition, Section 404 compliance may be needed, which would require compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act will be necessary. Pape-Dawson conducted an archaeological survey for the Pinewood Trails project intermittently between July 22 and August 6, 2019. This work was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 9006. Nesta Anderson served as the Principal Investigator, and was assisted in the field by Jacob Sullivan, Sheldon Smith, and Ann Marie Blackmon. The APE for the project was subjected to a pedestrian survey augmented by shovel testing. A total of 118 shovel tests were excavated, four of which were positive for cultural material. As a result of the pedestrian survey and shovel test efforts, one new archaeological site (41MQ336) and two isolated finds were recorded. Sites 41MQ336 is a prehistoric site consisting of a low-density lithic artifact scatter of indeterminate temporal affiliation. The site is situated within the right-of-way (ROW) on the west side of Fostoria Road and appears to have been heavily disturbed by roadway construction and utility installation. No diagnostic materials or features were observed within the APE. Given the paucity of artifacts, the absence of diagnostic material, and the heavy disturbances, Pape-Dawson recommends that site 41MQ336, is Not Eligible for NRHP inclusion or for SAL designation. Based on results of the survey, Pape-Dawson recommends that no further archaeological work is necessary and that the project be allowed to proceed. However, if undiscovered cultural material is encountered during construction, it is recommended that all work in the vicinity should cease and that the discovery be evaluated by a qualified archaeologist who can provide guidance on how to proceed in accordance with federal and state regulations. Field records and artifacts will be curated at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) in accordance with Texas Historical Commission (THC) guidelines

Intensive Archaeological Survey of Calaveras Power Station, Bexar County, Texas

On behalf of CPS Energy, Pape-Dawson Engineers (Pape-Dawson) conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the Calaveras Power Station proposed improvement areas in east San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The property improvements will consist of a series of evaporation ponds, the location of which has not yet been determined. Vertical depths of impacts are anticipated to extend up to 20 feet (ft) (6 meters [m]) below the ground surface. The current project area comprises two tracts of land totaling approximately 228 acres (92 hectares [ha]). As CPS Energy is a political subdivision of the state of Texas, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) will be necessary. No federal funding or permitting is anticipated, so compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) will not be required. Pape-Dawson archaeologists conducted field investigations within the project area intermittently from April 1 through August 15, 2019. A total of 164 shovel tests was excavated, 28 of which were positive for cultural resources. One isolated find was recorded, and nine sites were revisited (Sites 41BX722, 41BX723, 41BX725, 41BX728, 41BX739, 41BX740, 41BX741, 41BX742, and 41BX745). No new archaeological sites were recorded. The isolated find consisted of a single secondary flake. All revisited sites were prehistoric with an undetermined temporal affiliation, although site 41BX722 also has an unknown historic component. Sites 41BX722, 41BX723, and 41BX741 consist of primarily surficial lithic scatters of indeterminate temporal affiliation. Site 41BX722 also contains historic rock alignments on either side of a road, and site recorders observed a flake and three pieces of fire cracked rock (FCR) from 0-10 centimeters below ground surface (cmbs). No artifacts or features were observed at any of these sites during the current revisit. Site 41BX725 is a prehistoric lithic scatter of undetermined temporal affiliation. Current investigations documented lithic shatter, a few flakes, and FCR from 0-60 cmbs. Cultural materials extended deeper than 20 cmbs in only two shovel tests. Nearly half of the artifacts recovered from shovel tests were from the upper 10 cm of soil. No diagnostic artifacts or features were observed at this site. Site 41BX728 is a lithic scatter and possible lithic procurement site of undetermined temporal affiliation. During the current investigations, a single chert scraper was found at approximately 50 cmbs. No diagnostic artifacts or features were observed at this site. Only a small section of this previously recorded site extends into the current project area. Originally recorded as a lithic scatter from an unknown time period, site 41BX739 was combined with site 41BX740 (also a lithic scatter) during the current revisit due to the presence of artifacts between the two site boundaries. Surface artifacts included two bifaces, two tested cobbles, 4 primary flakes, twelve secondary flakes, three tertiary flakes, 3 cores, two core fragments, and a piece of chert shatter. Subsurface artifacts were found between 0-50 cmbs, but these deeper deposits were observed in areas of colluvial deposition. Site 41BX742 is a campsite of indeterminate temporal affiliation. The current survey found subsurface deposits that included two primary flakes, charcoal, shatter, and FCR from 0-40 cmbs. An informal end scraper and three pieces of FCR were also observed on surface. Site 41BX745 is a lithic scatter and campsite that is a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) and potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The original work revealed cultural deposits were present deeper than 90 cmbs, and noted lithic debitage and FCR at the site. As only a sliver of the site extended into the current project area, a single shovel test was excavated and found to be negative for cultural materials. No artifacts were observed on surface. Due to the lack of artifacts and features at 41BX722, 41BX723, and 41BX741, the portions of these sites that are within the current project area are recommended ineligible for SAL designation. In addition, for the portion of 41BX728 within the project area and for site 41BX742, the paucity of artifacts and lack of features suggest the they are not eligible for SAL designation. Although slightly more deeply buried deposits exist at sites 41BX725 and 41BX740, the deeper deposits were in colluvial settings, and the lack of diagnostic artifacts and features suggest neither site is eligible for listing as a SAL. Site 41BX745 is listed as a SAL. Archaeologists recommend the portion of 41BX745 within the project area to be eligible as a SAL and recommend avoidance for the part of this site that extends into the current project area. Although the sites (or portions of sites) within the current project area do not appear to meet the criteria to be listed as SALs (with the exception of site 41BX745), several of these sites extend outside the current project area. As a result, while Pape-Dawson archaeologists recommend no further work for these sites within the project area, they also recommend that if impacts will occur outside current project area boundaries, these sites be revisited. Site 41BX745 should be avoided by construction due to its SAL status. Within the current project area, if evidence of cultural material is encountered during construction, it is recommended that all work in the vicinity should cease and the CPS archaeologist be contacted. No artifacts were collected , but records and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) in San Antonio, Texas

Archaeological Monitoring of Improvements to Building 652, Port of San Antonio, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas

At the request of the Port of San Antonio, Pape-Dawson conducted archaeological monitoring of the proposed flood improvements to Building 652 at Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. These improvements consisted of construction of walls on the north, south, and west sides of the building to protect the structure from flooding episodes due to road surface run off. These walls are approximately 1,016 feet (ft) (310 meters [m]) in total length, 1 ft (0.30 m) in width, and 3 ft (1 m) in depth. Since this project is located on land owned by the Port of San Antonio, which is a political subdivision of the state of Texas, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) is necessary. In addition, federal funds are being used as part of this project, which requires compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Fieldwork took place intermittently between May 26 and September 3, 2015. Based on coordination with the City of San Antonio (COSA) Archaeologist and the Texas Historical Commission (THC), PapeDawson archaeologists monitored approximately 30% of the total trenching time for wall construction to determine whether soils are intact or if fill exists in these locations. Archaeologists also visually inspected all open trenches at the time of monitoring. Archaeologists observed disturbed soils at each wall location, and no cultural materials were observed or recovered. Project records and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) at the University of Texas San Antonio. Based on the results of the investigation, Pape-Dawson archaeologists recommend that no further archaeological work is necessary for the proposed project

Archaeological Monitoring of the Olmos Basin Golf Course Tree Planting Project, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas

At the request of the City of San Antonio (COSA), Pape-Dawson Engineers, Inc. (Pape-Dawson) monitored for cultural resources during the planting of new trees within portions of the existing Olmos Basin Golf Course, located west of the intersection of Basse Road and US 281, in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The trees were placed randomly throughout the golf course along with new, connecting irrigation lines. Excavations for the trees averaged 3.6 feet (ft) (1.1 meters2 [m2]) in diameter and 1.6 ft (0.5 m) deep. Irrigation lines were installed approximately 1 ft (0.3 m) below the ground surface and were on average 0.75 ft (0.23 m) in width. As the Olmos Basin Golf Course is a municipal golf course operated by the COSA, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) will be necessary. No federal funding or permitting is anticipated and compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) will not be required. Prior to fieldwork, Pape-Dawson archaeologists coordinated with the COSA archaeologist and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) to determine areas of concern for field investigations. Based on this coordination, archaeologists focused on monitoring during tree planting and irrigation line installations located only within the boundaries of previously recorded sites 41BX1799 and 41BX1800. Within these sites, archaeologists monitored between 50 and 75 percent of the total tree installations. Archaeological monitoring was conducted within the approximately 185-acre project area intermittently between January 22 and April 9, 2019. Pape-Dawson archaeologists monitored the excavation of 208 tree pits, 20 of which were positive for cultural materials. Of these 20 positive pits, nine were located within previously disturbed soil contexts. A total of 2.35 km of irrigation lines were also monitored for cultural resources. Isolated cultural materials from prehistoric, historic, and modern time periods were observed throughout the irrigation line trenches. Sites 41BX1799 and 41BX1800, were revisited during archaeological monitoring. Site 41BX1799 is a multicomponent site, consisting of a prehistoric lithic scatter, a lithic material procurement site, and a historic artifact scatter of indeterminate temporal affiliation. Site 41BX1800 is a low-density prehistoric lithic scatter, dating to the Late to Transitional Archaic time period. Most materials observed were situated within disturbed contexts, however, archaeologists did identify intact deposits of prehistoric and historic materials in 11 of the excavated tree pits. As a result of this monitoring, 41BX1799’s site boundary was extended out an additional 1.11-acres. No cultural materials were observed outside of the current 41BX1800 boundary; thus, it remains unaltered. Due to the lack of intact cultural features, the paucity of diagnostic artifacts, and the extensive disturbances noted throughout both previously recorded sites, 41BX1799 and 41BX1800 are recommended Not Eligible for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) designations. If future work within sites 41BX1799 or 41BX1800 reveal additional archaeological deposits, work should temporarily cease, and the City Archaeologist and THC should be immediately notified before recommencing work. All records associated with this project are curated at the University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research (UTSA-CAR)

Archaeological Investigations Under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4925 for the Texas Department of Transportation, Fort Bend, Galveston, and Harris Counties, Texas

In May 2008, PBSJ (now Atkins North America, Inc.), was contracted by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), to conduct archaeological impact evaluations and surveys for the Houston and Beaumont Districts under Contract 578-XX-SA004. This contract was for on-demand services, with specific work defined by individual work authorizations. However, all investigations were subsumed under a single Texas Antiquities Permit (No. 4925) for the contract, with Michael Nash serving as Principal Investigator during fieldwork. Four work authorizations were issued, but only three surveys were conducted due to a refusal of Right-of-Entry on one job. All fieldwork was conducted between October 2008 and April 2010. Projects were located in Fort Bend, Galveston, and Harris Counties. Following completion of the fieldwork and the majority of reporting, the permit was transferred to TxDOT, with James T. Abbott serving as Principal Investigator. Final preparation of this report was performed by Abbott, based upon a draft provided by Atkins. WA 1 authorized survey of a planned detention pond adjacent to Farm to Market Road (FM) 2978, between 0.065 and 0.145 south of Bogs Road in Harris County. An intensive survey of the 4.13-acre site was conducted on October 2, 2008 by Rebecca Sager and Ephriam McDowell. Four shovel tests were excavated during the survey, all of which were negative for cultural material. No cultural resources were encountered during the survey, and Atkins recommended that no further investigations were warranted and the project receive archaeological clearance. WA 2 authorized a survey prior to construction of beach stabilization structures along a 4.7- mile length of SH 87 in Galveston County. The archaeological project area designated in the scope of work consisted of 35 acres of existing right-of-way (ROW) within an overall 70.0 acres of existing ROW. A visual inspection of the project area and excavation of one shovel test was conducted on February 4 and 5, 2009, by Damon Burden and Joe Craig. No cultural resources encountered during the survey, the survey area was found to be heavily disturbed, and Atkins recommended that no further investigations were warranted. WA 3 was a proposed realignment of Conroe-Hufsmith Road at FM 2978 in Montgomery County. The project would have required 2.0 acres of new ROW, and the APE would have included the new ROW as well as any existing ROW along the project length. However, permission to conduct archaeological investigations was denied by the affected landowner, and the Work Authorization was cancelled. WA 4 was issued for an intensive survey in advance of improvements to FM 1464 at New Home Cemetery in Fort Bend County. An initial survey was conducted at the location, but due to a contractual dispute between Atkins and TxDOT regarding the scope of services, not all work associated with the project was completed by Atkins. This report describes the work that was completed under this permit

Chapter 10 Scholarly Practice and Meaningful Research: Utilising Voice by Enabling Action … If it was Only that Simple!

The growing importance of ‘lived practices’ in entrepreneurship-related studies has sought to pose several questions and challenges for researchers/scholars in the field (Ruona & Gilley, 2009; Short, Keefer, & Stone, 2009). The issue of how current entrepreneurship research practices can become more applied in nature provides the basis for articulating more clearly what we mean by research impact and why it has become a central concern in the research field (Beyer & Trice, 1982; Huggins et al., 2008; Rynes, 2007; Starkey & Tempest, 2005). This debate has drawn specific attention to the need for applied research in entrepreneurial scholarship, which is more reflective of lived practice. The need to reach a balance between practitioners and academics’ expectations in terms of delivering research which is focussed towards achieving academic rigour and application to practice, which is both meaningful and relatable, is significant for both communities (Ram, Edwards, Jones, Kiselinchev, & Muchenje, 2014). This chapter seeks to assist and inspire both existing and future researchers in the field to make more informed choices and offer tangible evidence of good practice, serving as a guide to researchers wishing to develop engaged research.The authors hope that the nature of this chapter would seek to clarify the importance of engaged research in supporting how we understand and respond to the needs of entrepreneurial practice as a means of building trust and confidence in research reported. A key characteristic of the issue will be the different ‘framing’ of questions that can enhance practical knowledge

Intensive Archaeological Survey of the ULS Block 1 Oil Well Pads and Frac Pond, Reagan County, Texas

On May 14, 2014, Pape-Dawson archaeologists conducted an intensive pedestrian survey of Devon Energy’s proposed oil well pads and frac pond situated on lands owned by the University of Texas Land Systems approximately 5.2 miles southwest of the former community of Texon, and 23.6 miles west of Big Lake in Reagan County, Texas. The crew excavated five judgmentally placed shovel tests within this approximately 6.3 hectare (15.5-acre) project area (split into two locations), all of which were negative for cultural materials. This work, performed in compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas, was performed under Texas Antiquities Permit #6875. No federal permitting or funding is attached to this project, so compliance with Section 106 of the National Register of Historic Places is not necessary. Archaeologists recorded one archaeological site, 41RG383, within the footprint of the well pads. This site did not contain diagnostic artifacts or a buried component; it consisted of two hearths and two artifacts (a flake and a preform), all of which were observed on the surface. No historic structures were observed within the project footprint or within the vicinity of the project area. Due to the lack of diagnostic artifacts, the ephemeral nature of the site, and the lack of buried deposits, the principal investigator recommends that this site is not eligible to be a State Antiquities Landmark, and that no further archaeological work at this site is necessary