Uso de sensores remotos para la predicción de casos de Malaria en el departamento Orán, Salta, Argentina

Tesis (Magister en Aplicaciones Espaciales de Alerta y Respuesta Temprana a Emergencias)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2014.Maestría conjunta con el Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"-CONAE.En la malaria, enfermedad parasitaria que afecta a millones de personas en el mundo, los mosquitos del género Anopheles han sido incriminados en su transmisión, existiendo reportes para Argentina, de conocidas especies vectores también en América. El presente trabajo está enfocado al uso de sensores remotos para la predicción de casos de Malaria en el extremo noroeste de Argentina. El estudio se realiza en la ciudad de San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, donde fueron reportados casos desde 1986 hasta 2005. Se analiza la relación existente entre los casos de Malaria reportados y las variables ambientales/climáticas, Índice Normalizado de Vegetación (NDVI), Índice Normalizado de Agua (NDWI) y Temperatura de Superficie (LST)) obtenidas de imágenes satelitales Landsat 5 y 7, mediante análisis de regresión multinivel de Poisson. Se observó una fluctuación estacional de los casos de Malaria, con una mayor cantidad de enfermos reportada para los meses de verano. Se genera un modelo de series temporales ARIMA, que incluye las variables ambientales, y puede pronosticar los casos de Malaria ocurridos durante el año 2000. A su vez, la relación entre los casos de Malaria y los factores ambientales/climáticos muestra mediante el uso de la Razón de la Tasa de Incidencia (IRR), que los casos de Malaria están asociados a un aumento en la LST media como así también a una disminución del NDVI. Se espera que este trabajo pueda ser utilizado como base para el desarrollo de futuras acciones de prevención y control por parte de las autoridades en salud.Malaria is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in the world. Mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus have been incriminated in the transmission. In Argentina, there are reports of vector species also known in America. This research was focused on the use of remote sensing for the prediction of malaria cases in the northwest of Argentina. This study was carried out using reported cases of the disease from San Ramón de la Nueva Orán city, from 1986 until 2005. The relation between Malaria cases and environmental variables (such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST)) obtained from satellite imagery, using multilevel Poisson regression analysis, were analyzed. It was noted a seasonal fluctuation in the number of cases of malaria, with a greater number of patients reported for summer months. An ARIMA time series model, which included the environmental variables, was developed and it was possible to predict the number of cases of malaria occurred during the year 2000. At the same time, the relation between malaria cases and environmental factors showed through the use of reason in the incidence rate (IRR), that malaria cases were associated with an increase in the LST as well as well as a decrease of the NDVI. This work can be used as the basis for future prevention and control actions by Health Authorities

Digital sequence information is changing the way genetic resources are used in agricultural research and development: implications for new benefit-sharing norms

This paper analyses the ways in which CGIAR Centers use digital sequence information (DSI) in their efforts to conserve and sustainably utilize the world’s most important crop and livestock genetic diversity. The paper then reflects on which of the benefit-sharing options currently under consideration by the Contracting Parties to the CBD (and the versions of those options that must be considered by the Governing Body of the Plant Treaty and the UN FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture) would provide effective policy support for the continued use of DSI in agricultural research and development in the future

Monthly variation in the probability of presence of adult Culicoides populations in nine European countries and the implications for targeted surveillance

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are small hematophagous insects responsible for the transmission of bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus and African horse sickness virus to wild and domestic ruminants and equids. Outbreaks of these viruses have caused economic damage within the European Union. The spatio-temporal distribution of biting midges is a key factor in identifying areas with the potential for disease spread. The aim of this study was to identify and map areas of neglectable adult activity for each month in an average year. Average monthly risk maps can be used as a tool when allocating resources for surveillance and control programs within Europe. Methods : We modelled the occurrence of C. imicola and the Obsoletus and Pulicaris ensembles using existing entomological surveillance data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. The monthly probability of each vector species and ensembles being present in Europe based on climatic and environmental input variables was estimated with the machine learning technique Random Forest. Subsequently, the monthly probability was classified into three classes: Absence, Presence and Uncertain status. These three classes are useful for mapping areas of no risk, areas of high-risk targeted for animal movement restrictions, and areas with an uncertain status that need active entomological surveillance to determine whether or not vectors are present. Results: The distribution of Culicoides species ensembles were in agreement with their previously reported distribution in Europe. The Random Forest models were very accurate in predicting the probability of presence for C. imicola (mean AUC = 0.95), less accurate for the Obsoletus ensemble (mean AUC = 0.84), while the lowest accuracy was found for the Pulicaris ensemble (mean AUC = 0.71). The most important environmental variables in the models were related to temperature and precipitation for all three groups. Conclusions: The duration periods with low or null adult activity can be derived from the associated monthly distribution maps, and it was also possible to identify and map areas with uncertain predictions. In the absence of ongoing vector surveillance, these maps can be used by veterinary authorities to classify areas as likely vector-free or as likely risk areas from southern Spain to northern Sweden with acceptable precision. The maps can also focus costly entomological surveillance to seasons and areas where the predictions and vector-free status remain uncertain

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Detaile engineering cultural complex of Funza

Los proyectos de ingeniería civil además de brindar soluciones a través del diseño y construcción de obras civiles tienen como objetivo principal mejorar la calidad de vida de una comunidad, región o país, mediante mecanismos que permitan dar soluciones y aportar a su desarrollo. Nuestra empresa fundamenta sus proyectos bajo esta premisa, con la firme convicción de que la alternativa de solución que ofrece aportará a los habitantes del municipio de Funza bienestar, seguridad, avance y sostenibilidad. La Ingeniería de Detalle que desarrolla Hashem Constructora está enfocada en orientar sus proyectos al aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales mediante alternativas de desarrollo sostenible, en la cual se garantice al mismo tiempo entregar proyectos que cumplan a cabalidad con su vida útil. Esto basado en la implementación de metodologías tecnológicas que permiten la gestión integral de los proyectos en todas sus fases mediante la coordinación de sus disciplinas.Civil engineering projects, in addition to providing solutions through the design and construction of civil works, have as their main objective to improve the quality of life of a community, region or country, through mechanisms that allow solutions to be provided and contribute to their development. Our company bases its projects on this premise, with the firm conviction that the alternative solution it offers will provide the inhabitants of the municipality of Funza with well-being, security, progress, and sustainability. The Detailed Engineering developed by Hashem Constructor is focused on orienting its projects to the use of natural resources through sustainable development alternatives, in which it is guaranteed at the same time to deliver projects that fully comply with their useful life. This is based on the implementation of technological methodologies that allow the comprehensive management of projects in all their phases through the coordination of their disciplines.Ingeniero (a) CivilPregrad

Financiación, desarrollo y educación empresarial

Políticas para Pyme y gestión de la empresa familiar es el título del tercer volumen de la Colección DICE. En este libro se presentan artículos relacionados con: un estudio de las razones de éxito y fracaso de las políticas para Pymes en países del Este Europeo, en Rusia y en China y países desarrollados; un análisis crítico de las políticas que se han aplicado en el Reino Unido; una comparación de la situación latinoamericana con países asiáticos y con algunos países desarrollados de Occidente; el papel de la Innovación Empresarial en la sociedad de conocimiento; el papel del optimismo del empresario y su capacidad de jugar en un entorno aleatorio; los diversos mecanismos que se requieren para un gobierno efectivo de la empresa familiar; y las herramientas de gestión que pueden y deben ser aplicadas en la empresa familiar para su correcta dirección y operación.Principales características y fuentes de financiación de los microestablecimientos en Colombia / Karen Cuéllar, Rodrigo Varela y Edgar Julián Gálvez -- Desafíos para la consolidación del mercado de inversión ángel en Colombia / Izaias Martins, Gianni Romaní y Miguel Atienza -- La tubería empresarial colombiana, 2006-2013 / Rodrigo Varela, Jhon Alexander Moreno y Mónica Alejandra Bedoya -- Buenas prácticas para la educación en emprendimiento en la educación básica y media: implementación del modelo “S” / Silvia Patricia Barrera -- El emprendizaje visto desde la ideología de los cuatro cuadrantes / Ester Fecci y Guy Boisier Olave -- Desarrollando competencias empresariales a través del uso de buenas prácticas docentes / Ana Lucía Alzate y Ana Carolina Martínez -- Anexo 1. Formato guía para el levantamiento de prácticas docentes -- Anexo 2. Levantamiento de evaluación 360° -- Anexo 3. Levantamiento de Taller Outdoor de Competencias Empresariales.Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Differences in circulating γδ T cells in patients with primary colon cancer and relation with prognostic factors.

Downregulation of the T cell system has been proposed as a mechanism to block immunity in colonic cancer (CC). However, little has been studied about circulating αβ and γδ T cells and their immunological status in newly diagnosed patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the αβ and γδ T cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with CC matched with healthy volunteers. In this prospective case-control study, blood samples were obtained from 96 patients with newly diagnosed treatment-naïve infiltrating colonic adenocarcinoma and 48 healthy volunteers. Pathological report at surgery was obtained from all CC patients. A significant decrease in CD3+ γδ T cells and CD3+CD8+ γδ T cells (p<0.001) were observed in CC patients. Apoptosis was significantly increased in all conventional and both αβ and γδ T cell subsets in patients with CC vs healthy subjects. γδ T cells were decreased in peripheral blood of patients with microscopic infiltration in tissues, history of cancer and synchronous colon cancer (p < 0.05). IFN-γ was significantly reduced in CC patients compared to controls. Cytotoxic effector γδ T cells TEMRA (CD8 and CD56) are the proportionally most abundant T cells in peripheral blood of CC patients. Patients with CC present a deep downregulation in the systemic T-cell immunity. These variations are evident through all tumor stages and suggest that a deficiency in γδ T cell populations could be preventing control of tumor progression. This fact prove the role of immunomodulation on CC carcinogenesis

Latent Microsporidia Infection Prevalence as a Risk Factor in Colon Cancer Patients

Microsporidia are opportunistic intracellular parasites, generating serious pathology in individuals with a compromised immune system. Infection by microsporidia inhibits p53 and Caspase 3, proteins involved in apoptosis and the cell cycle, which are vital in the malignant process of epithelial cells. The presence of microsporidia in the intestinal tissues of 87 colon cancer (CC) patients and 25 healthy controls was analyzed by real-time PCR and an immunofluorescence antibody test. Anti-Encephalitozoon antibodies were analyzed in serum samples by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). In 36 (41.3%) CC cases, microsporidia infections were identified in their tissues vs. no cases among control subjects (p Encephalitozoon antibodies was found in patients with CC, which would demonstrate continuous and previous contact with the parasite. The high prevalence of microsporidia in tissues and the seroprevalence in patients with CC suggest a relationship between microsporidia and the etiopathogenesis of CC