Evaluating the foreign policy incidents in Atatürk’s Nutuk within the framework of realism

Realizm özellikle 1930’ların sonundan 1980’lere kadar olan süreçte, akademik düzeydeki uluslararası ilişkiler çalışmalarına damgasını vuran kuram olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Temel ilkelerinin Tukidides’in Peloponez Savaşı, Machiavelli’nin başta Prens ve diğer çalışmaları ve Thomas Hobbes’un Leviathan’ına kadar dayandığı düşünülen Realizm, temelde rasyonel devleti, ulusal çıkarı ve devletler arası ilişkilerde güç odaklı bir perspektifi kullanarak uluslararası politikayı anlamlandıran bir kuram olarak tanımlanabilir. 1930 ve 1980 arası süreçte yapılan çalışmaların daha ziyade iki dünya savaşı ve Soğuk Savaş ile ilgili olduğu düşünülürse, devleti, ulusal çıkarları ve gücü merkezine alan bir kuram olarak realizmin egemenliği daha anlaşılabilir olacaktır. Bunun yanında, Türkiye’nin Millî Mücadele döneminin de yukarıda bahsedilen üç dönemden ikisinin –Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları ara dönemine denk gelmesi bakımından realist kuram terminolojisiyle değerlendirilmeye açık olduğu aşikardır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma Millî Mücadele başkomutanı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu ve ilk cumhurbaşkanı olan Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın Nutuk adlı eserinde bahsetmiş olduğu dış politika olaylarını realist kuram çerçevesinde değerlendirmeye odaklanmıştır.Realism is the theory that has mainly dominated the academic studies on International Relations from the late 1930s to the 1980s. Realism, basic principles of which are thought to date back to Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War, Machiavelli’s Prince and other works, and Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, can be defined as a theory that interprets international politics using a rational state-centred, power-oriented, national interest-oriented perspective in interstate relations. From 1930 to 1980, the studies have generally been about the First and Second World Wars and Cold War. Therefore, this kind of study makes realism’s domination more meaningful at the academic level. Besides that, the most logical way to explain the Turkish National Struggle is realist theory because Turkish National Struggle falls on the interwar period, which is the period dominated by realist studies at the academic level. In this regard, within the framework of realist theory, this study focused on evaluating foreign policy actions which Atatürk mentioned in his Great Speech (Nutuk).Publisher's Versio

Protective Effects of Beta Glucan and Gliclazide on Brain Tissue and Sciatic Nerve of Diabetic Rats Induced by Streptozosin

There have not been yet enough studies about effects of beta glucan and gliclazide on oxidative stress created by streptozotocin in the brain and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. The aim of this paper was to investigate the antioxidant effects of gliclazide and beta glucan on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation created by streptozotosin in brain and sciatic nerve. Total of 42 rats were divided into 6 groups including control, diabetic untreated (DM) (only STZ, diabetic), STZ (DM) + beta glucan, STZ (DM) + gliclazide, only beta glucan treated (no diabetic), and only gliclazide treated (no diabetic). The brain and sciatic nerve tissue samples were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and paraoxonase (PON-1) levels. We found a significant increase in MDA, TOS, and OSI along with a reduction in TAS level, catalase, and PON-1 activities in brain and sciatic nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Also, this study shows that in terms of these parameters both gliclazide and beta glucan have a neuroprotective effect on the brain and sciatic nerve of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Our conclusion was that gliclazide and beta glucan have antioxidant effects on the brain and sciatic nerve of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Organophosphate Poisoning in Pregnant Patients: A Case Report

Organofosfata maruz kalma veya zehirlenme kadınların tarım işçisi olarak çalıştığı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Organofosfatların toksisitesi kolinesteraz aktivitesinin inhibisyonu ve reseptör bölgesindeki asetilkolin etkisinin uzaması ile kendini gösterir. Semptom ve bulgular nikotinik veya muskarinik reseptörler hangisinin daha çok etkilendiğine bağlıdır. Gebelikte organofosfat zehirlenme vakaları oldukça nadirdir. Bu olgu sunumunda iki saattir devam eden baş dönmesi, tekrarlayan bulantı kusma, hipersalivasyon ve görme keskinliğinde azalma şikayetleriyle hastanemize başvuran 26 yaşındaki hamile kadın hastayı bildirmeyi amaçladık. Alınan anamnezinde şikayetlerinin ilaçlanmış sebze yendikten sonra başladığı öğrenildi. Hastada organofosfat zehirlenmesinde sıklıkla karşılaşılan sekresyon artışı ve bilateral miyosiz mevcuttu. Organofosfat zehirlenmesi olduğu klinik ve laboratuvar olarak teyid edilen hastaya intravenöz atropin tedavisine başlandı ve oksim tedavisi uygulanmadı. Üç gün içerisinde kliniği düzelen hasta şifayla taburcu edildi ve beş hafta sonra normal vajinal doğum gerçekleşti. Bebekte organofosfat ve atropine maruz kalma belirti ve bulguları gözlenmedi. Gebe hastalarda organofosfata zehirlenmelerine bağlı oluşan spontan abortus vakaları bildirilmiştir. Gebelikte organofosfat zehirlenmelerine bağlı olarak hem annede hem fetüste ciddi etkilere neden olabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, gebeliğin devamını sağlamak üzerine kesin bir strateji bulunmamaktadır. Gebelerde atropin ile tedavi organofosfat zehirlenmelerinin klinik etkilerini geri döndürmekte başarılı olabilmektedir.Organophosphate exposures and poisoning are common and generally under-reported in developing countries where women are mainly involved in agricultural work. Toxicity of organophosphates is due to inhibition cholinesterase activity and prolonging the effects of acetylcholine in the receptor site. Symptoms and findings depend on the equilibrium between the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Cases of organophosphate poisoning in pregnancy are rare. In this case report we reported that a 26-year-old pregnant woman who presented at the our hospital with two hour history of dizziness, recurrent vomiting, increased saliva and loss of visual acuity. These symptoms started after eating vegetable which sprayed with Organophosphate. Our patient's signs of organophosphate toxicity included increased secretion and bilateral miosis. After clinical and laboratory confirmation for organophosphate poisoning, the patient responded to intravenous doses of atropine; oximes were not applied. Although She recovered within 3 days and delivered a healthy baby 5 weeks later by spontaneous vaginal delivery after being discharged. The child showed no signs or symptoms of organophospate and atropine exposure. Organophosphate poisoning that occurs due to spontaneous abortion was reported in pregnant patients. Poisoning during pregnancy may result in serious adverse effects for both mother and the fetus or neonate. Nonetheless, no definite strategy focused on maintaining pregnancy. Maternal treatment with atropine was successful in reversing the organophosphate toxicity

An interventional study on the levels of knowledge, attitude and practice on hand washing among the residents of Kampung Stapang I, Sibu from 11th June to 17th August 2012

/ Hand washing practice is one of preventive measures for some common infectious diseases. Thus to promote hand washing among community, level of knowledge and awareness amoog the population should be assessed so that appropriate interventions can be carried out. The objective of this study was to study the knowledge, attitude and practice 00 hand washing among residents of Stapang I aged 18 and above from 11th of June to 17th of August 201iJ The results obtained were then using as the baseline data to conduct an intervention programme beneficial to the community to enhance their level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards hand washing. Data collection was done by face to face interview using interview-based questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.0. Results showed that 50% of the respondents had good knowledge and good attitude while 63.3% had good practice towards hand washing. Post-intervention study showed significant improvement in the total score for knowledge and attitude towards hand washing (pO.05). In conclusion, there is a great need for intensive intervention in order to enhance the practice of hand washing among the respondents

Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Rhoa/Rho-Kinase Signalization Pathway in Lung

Cigarrette smoke exposure has side effects on lungs, cardiovascular systems and some tissue and organs. Rho/rho-kinase signalization pathway has important role bronchial smooth muscle contractions and cancer development of lung fibroblast. Mechanism of molecular of some side effects due to cigarette smoke exposure has not yet been clearly identified. In the present study we aimed to research effect of cigarette smoke exposure on rho/rho-kinase signalization pathway in lungs. For this propose mice (male age: 8 weeks) separated into two groups as control and smoke exposured. The cigarette smoke application continued 7 days in a week during two mouths. In the end of two mounts, Mice were sacrified by cervical dislocation and their lungs were isolated. Then rhoA and rho-kinase enzymes expression and rho-kinase enzyme activity have been determined. Cigarette smoke exposure caused unregulated rhoA and rho-Kinase enzyme expression and elevated rho-kinase enzyme activity. As a result cigarette smoke  exposure elevated activity of rho/rho-kinase signalization pathway

Essays On Firm Dynamics, Innovation And Growth

This dissertation studies various aspects of firm dynamics, and its relation to innovation and economic growth. Chapter 1 studies how incorporation, which provides limited liability protection to firm owners, affects firm behavior and economic growth. I propose an endogenous growth model of heterogeneous firms, where firms spend resources to improve their productivity and choose whether to incorporate or not. The model underlines incentive and selection effects of incorporation that generate the observed differences between incorporated and unincorporated firms. I calibrate the model to the Danish firm-level data to study the importance of these two effects quantitatively and draw several policy conclusions. Chapter 2 (joint with Ufuk Akcigit and Michael Peters) studies managerial delegation and its importance on the process of firm growth and aggregate productivity. We construct a model of firm dynamics where entrepreneurs have a fixed time endowment to run daily operations and need to hire outside managers as they grow. We calibrate the model to plant-level data from the US and India and quantify the importance of frictions in the managerial delegation to explain the differences in the firm dynamics and aggregate productivity between two countries. Chapter 3 (joint with Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Nicholas Bloom and William Kerr) develops a model of endogenous reallocation and innovation with heterogeneous firms. Our main focus is on the reallocation (and misallocation) of R&D inputs, which emphasizes that misallocation may affect equilibrium growth as well. We estimate the model by using US Census Bureau micro data to study the effects of various counterfactual policies and gain insights about whether substantial improvements in economic growth and welfare are possible. Our results highlight the potential pitfalls of industrial policies supporting incumbents

Katı borç kontratlarının yeni keynesyenci yaklaşım çerçevesinde modellenmesi.

This thesis aims to understand the role of interest rate setting behavior of the banks for the transmission of technology, monetary policy and loan rate shocks into the real economy. To this end, we introduce a monopolistically competitive banking sector into a New Keynesian model. Here, each bank can change its loan rate only infrequently in the fashion of Calvo type staggered contract. This setting implies that the adjustment of the aggregate loan rate is sticky, which is consistent with the empirical evidence. The results show that having sticky adjustment in the loan market changes the dynamics of the model significantly. Following each shock, the sluggish adjustment of the loan rate affects the amount of loan used by the borrowers considerably. This is the main reason behind the differentials across the impulse responses of the model with sticky loan rate and flexible loan rate.M.S. - Master of Scienc