UTILIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS AGROINDUSTRIALES PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PROTEÍNA MICROBIANA

The effect of including whey in a mix of maracuya peel and whole ripe banana was evaluated, including analysis of bromotalogical factors, pH, ammonia, short chain fatty acids, and count of yeast by fermentation in solid state every 12 hours. A randomized design in factorial arrangement was employed, with 3 repetitions. The results show that pH values increase independently at the beginning, however, during the fermentation time, the value differs between treatments. The contents of NH3 registered differences, obtaining a higher value in the treatment of 10% whey at 24 hours with the content of 24.72 meq/L, with respect of the lowest results with the control treatment. At 36 hours of fermentation time the values of NH3 reduced in all the treatments. The number of yeasts increased when they were treated with 5% and 10% of whey, with respect to the control in the treatment of 15%. A highly significant relationship exists between the production of short chain fatty acids and the fermentation time. The control treatment increased 0.083 mmol/100g per day, while the treatment of 10% whey experienced increases of 1.310 mmol/100g. The (MS) decreased at the same rate when the whey level increased, with respect to the first initial material. Upon increasing the fermentation time, the MS in the treatments increased, with respect to the control, which gives evidence of a greater increase in the treatment of 15% at 36 hours of fermentation time. The raw fiber decreased at growing levels of whey. The true protein increased at the rate that the whey level and the fermentation time increased in each treatment, being lowest in the control treatment

MODELIZACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL SUELO ASOCIADA A PLAGUICIDAS COMO UNA MODIFICACIÓN DEL MÉTODO DEL INSTITUTO BATELLE – COLOMBUS

The study dealed on the design and the application of a mathematical model for the determination of the soil quality, associated to pesticides of more common use. The pattern consisted on an extensive modification of the Index of Water Quality developed by Institute Batelle Colombus, USA, to be applied to the soil (Index of Soil Quality Associated to Pesticides, ISQAP), in relation with pesticides. A wide group of values of concentrations of these compounds was used and, once proven the adjustment of the pattern to the same ones, it was proceeded to apply it using concentrations obtained data for agricultural soils of the Caluma low part, Bolivar county, Ecuador. The results demonstrated an Index average value of 42%, indicative of an Environmental Quality Level around 0.61; this is, "bad"; being recommended the amplification of the study to other areas of the studied microcuenca, as well as to others in those that is suspected of an indiscriminate pesticides employment, as well as the socialization of this work among the territory farmers population, propitiating their motivation in the good use of these compounds

CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS EXPENDEDORES DE CARNE SOBRE EL FAENAMIENTO Y COMERCIALIZACIÓN, A TRAVÉS DE ANÁLISIS IMPLICATIVO Y DESCRIPTIVO. ESTUDIO DE CASO CAMAL RIOBAMBACHIMBORAZO- ECUADOR

In Ecuador meat is a basic part of the typical family diet. The investigation carried out uses descriptive and implicative statistical analysis to measure the perception and knowledge of meat retailers in the retail sector in the city of Riobamba, Ecuador. The study was conducted in 2015, with a sample of 471 participants, with 97% confidence level and an error of 5%. The information was gathered through a 30-question survey regarding product quality, and knowledge and perceptions of the retailers on meat sales. Chic y Excell were used for the tabulation of results. It was observed that the meat retailers do not handle their own business matters such as legislation or relevant aspects that affect the quality of the product offered to the public. It is determined that the sale of meat in the retail sector of the city considers three main actors: 58.4% of distributors who buy the butchered meat, 30.4% of middlemen who buy animals and skin them, and 7.9 % of producers who breed the animals that they skin. In the city sales are comprised of 22.5% white meat, 45.2% red meat and 31.6% both. In addition, 39.9% of meat sales happen in neighborhood stores, 21.4% in meat markets, 18.5% in fixed market stalls, 11.9% in farmer’s markets, and 7% in supermarkets. Distrust of the slaughterhouse is caused by poor perception people have of meat sold in Riobamba

Estudio Preliminar Sobre La Decoloración Del Residual Líquido De La Producción De Papel Mediante Ozonización

Preliminarily, the relationship between Color Reduction (%RC), Total Suspended Solids concentration (SST), and as independent variable, the time of Ozone Oxidation Process, was evaluated with reference values of DQO of the black liquor adjusting its concentration from SST to 300 and 50mg/dm3. A batch reactor of 12,60dm3, an effective height of 3,2dm and an ozone generating device from SEFILTRA company (air flow of 2dm3/min, c(O3) of 9,50mg/dm3 with a O3(g) production 19mg/min) was used. The polynomic correlation was determined from 192 data sets with satisfactory adjustment level (R=0,92; p <0,001). Although, preliminarily, the DQO reduction (%RDQO) was not included in the polynomial relationship, it can be concluded that: a) The %RC and %RDQO is reduced when color and DQO increases from the ozonized sample at same time intervals; this reduction is greater when the SST levels of the ozonized sample increases. b) The %RC and %RDQO decrease when the SST level of the ozonized sample increases. c) Depending on the initial color, of the DQO and of the SST level of the sample, values from 10 to 53 %Rc were obtained after 10 min, and of 66 to 94 %Rc after 60 min

MODELIZACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL SUELO ASOCIADA A PLAGUICIDAS COMO UNA MODIFICACIÓN DEL MÉTODO DEL INSTITUTO BATELLE – COLOMBUS

The study dealed on the design and the application of a mathematical model for the determination of the soil quality, associated to pesticides of more common use. The pattern consisted on an extensive modification of the Index of Water Quality developed by Institute Batelle Colombus, USA, to be applied to the soil (Index of Soil Quality Associated to Pesticides, ISQAP), in relation with pesticides. A wide group of values of concentrations of these compounds was used and, once proven the adjustment of the pattern to the same ones, it was proceeded to apply it using concentrations obtained data for agricultural soils of the Caluma low part, Bolivar county, Ecuador. The results demonstrated an Index average value of 42%, indicative of an Environmental Quality Level around 0.61; this is, "bad"; being recommended the amplification of the study to other areas of the studied microcuenca, as well as to others in those that is suspected of an indiscriminate pesticides employment, as well as the socialization of this work among the territory farmers population, propitiating their motivation in the good use of these compounds

Uso de la estadística y análisis implicativo para medir la percepción de conocimientos, hábitos y actitudes en consumidores de carne de la ciudad de Riobamba.

La investigación, realizada en la ciudad de Riobamba en el año 2015, sobre una muestra de 1067 personas, con una confiabilidad de 95% y margen de error del 5%, hace uso de estadística descriptiva y análisis implicativo para medir diferentes aspectos del consumo de carne en la ciudad de Riobamba. Se diseminaron encuestadores e investigadores en diferentes barrios y mercados de la urbe quienes a través de encuestas con preguntas cerradas y abiertas recopilaron información, que se analizó con estadística descriptiva, para perfilar las generalidades del consumo de carnes, y análisis implicativo para dilucidar similitudes en las respuestas, así como cuasi implicaciones (relaciones de tipo “si ocurre A, entonces ocurre B”) y su cohesión (grado en que las implicaciones halladas van más allá de lo aleatorio), todo ayudado de esquemas gráficos que ayudan a apreciar visualmente estas relaciones (árbol de similaridad y grafos de implicaciones y cohesión). Se utilizó Excel y SPSS v18 para el análisis descriptivo y el programa CHIC (Classification Hiérarchique Implicative et Chohésitive) v6.0 para el análisis implicativo. Los resultados muestran una marcada preferencia por la carne de pollo 26,87%, seguida de la de res, pescado, cerdo y cuy. El 39,8% de los consumidores asegura desconocer la procedencia de faenamiento de la carne que consume, 11% asegura haber comido carne de un camal clandestino; 38,4% de los pobladores se han enfermado por consumir carne en mal estado y 46,57% conoce algo sobre las posibles enfermedades asociadas al consumo de la carne en mal estado. El análisis implicativo identificó una secuencia en la incorporación de tipos de carne: res, pollo, cabra y oveja, cuyes y pescado. Otras metareglas de importancia son la necesidad de capacitar al consumidor de los factores de calidad de una carne para que éste pueda exigirla en la compra, también que la evaluación de calidad realizada por el consumidor toma como punto inicial la apreciación sensorial para, secuencialmente, atender a los aspectos de sello de calidad, lugar de procedencia e higiene del local. Se discute y destaca, finalmente, el aporte del análisis implicativo para acotar y contextualizar las generalizaciones de la estadística descriptiva y revelar meta reglas que relacionan las respuestas de los encuestados, aportando en último término una metodología para perfilar y analizar estadísticamente los hábitos y tendencias de consumo de cárnicos por parte de una población

Características probióticas de los lactobacillus: Una revisión

Los Lactobacillus constituyen una alternativa para mejorar el rendimiento y la salud en la producción animal; estos son una de las pocas especies endógenas que se encuentran en el tracto gastrointestinal de los vertebrados, incluidos los humanos, ratas, cerdos y pollos. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal el realizar una aproximación conceptual de varios autores acerca de las características probióticas de los Lactobacillus. Para ello, se hizo necesario realizar una profusa búsqueda, selección y procesamiento de las más prominentes fuentes bibliográficas, que tratan sobre este tema. El estudio se llevó acabo de 27 citas en idioma inglés, portugués y español; obteniéndose entre los principales resultados una clara conceptualización sobre características y utilización digestiva. A modo de conclusión la palatabilidad, normal transito gastrointestinal y utilización digestiva estas características son fundamentales para que el preparado microbiano a través de Lactobacillus puedan aportar para el mejoramiento de la salud del hospedador.