Extending MGS-TES Temperature Retrievals in the Martian Atmosphere up to 90 Km: Retrieval Approach and Results

This paper describes a methodology for performing a temperature retrieval in the Martian atmosphere in the 50-90 km altitude range using spectrally integrated 15 micrometers C02 limb emissions measured by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), the thermal infrared spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We demonstrate that temperature retrievals from limb observations in the 75-90 km altitude range require accounting for the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) populations of the C02(v2) vibrational levels. Using the methodology described in the paper, we have retrieved approximately 1200 individual temperature profiles from MGS TES limb observations in the altitude range between 60 and 90 km. 0ur dataset of retrieved temperature profiles is available for download in supplemental materials of this paper. The temperature retrieval uncertainties are mainly caused by radiance noise, and are estimated to be about 2 K at 60 km and below, 4 K at 70 km, 7 K at 80 km, 10 K at 85 km, and 20 K at 90 km. We compare the retrieved profiles to Mars Climate Database temperature profiles and find good qualitative agreement. Quantitatively, our retrieved profiles are in general warmer and demonstrate strong variability with the following values for bias and standard deviations (in brackets) compared to the Martian Year 24 dataset of the Mars Climate Database: 6 (+/-20) K at 60 km, 7.5 (+/-25) K at 65 km, 9 (+/-27) K at 70 km, 9.5 (+/-27) K at 75 km, 10 (+/-28) K at 80 km, 11 (+/-29) K at 85 km, and 11.5 (+/-31) K at 90 km. Possible reasons for the positive temperature bias are discussed. carbon dioxide molecular vibration

Development of professional-pedagogical focus of a teacher in vocational training

Nowadays, the requirements of the state and society for the training of a vocational education teacher have undergone significant changes and have indicated the need for highly educated competent specialists. The purpose of the article is to conduct a study to identify the development of professional-pedagogical focus of the teacher of vocational training in a pedagogical university. The essence of the professional-pedagogical focus in close interconnection with the professional competence of future graduates is revealed in the work. The analysis of scientific literature made it possible to identify the components of the studied trend: motivational, value, cognitive, reflective. The development of each component was considered in the process of preparing a teacher for vocational training at a pedagogical university. Students apply the obtained theoretical knowledge during the projects development, participation in games, discussions and solving case assignments. The project method is used as the most commonly used method in the professional focus development. To contribute to it students carry out a project in the course "Pedagogical technologies." The features of preparing students in these conditions are highlighted. The analysis showed that the methods used for the focus development help to achieve success in  interest creation as well as professional competence, further improvement of this process will achieve better results in preparation of a teacher of vocational training

Bone remodeling markers after experimental augmentation of trabecular bone defects with resorbable and non-resorbable osteoplastic materials in rabbits

To study the effect of bone defect augmentation on the dynamics of bone remodeling markers. Material and methods The effect of resorbable xenoplastic material (RXM), synthetic beta-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP), porous titanium implant (PTI) and nanostructured carbon implant (NCI) on the markers of bone remodeling (osteocalcin, OC; bone alkaline phosphatase, BALP; C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX-1) and inflammation marker (C-reactive protein, CRP) was investigated using bone defect model in rabbits. 24 animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 in each group) according to the type of osteoplastic material. Control group (n = 6) was without augmentation. An impression fracture of the proximal tibia was modeled. Blood samples were taken on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 45, 90, 180 after surgery. Results CTX-1was not detected in the control, b-TCP, PTI, and RXM groups after 90 days, but in the NCI group CTX-1 remained elevated until the end of the study. OC in the control, b-TCP, PTI groups reached a maximum at 14-45 days. No significant increase in OC was found in the NCI group. The BALP in the control group peaked at 90 days. In the b-TCP and PTI groups the concentration of BALP increased more rapidly. The dynamics of CRP in the RXM, b-TCP and PTI groups was similar to the dynamics in the control group, in the NCI group an increased level of CRP remained until the end of the study. Conclusion When a bone defect was augmented with both resorbable b-TCP and nonresorbable PTI, high osteogenesis activity and low osteoresorption activity were detected. The use of xenoplastic material did not reveal any advantages in comparison with surgery performed without augmentation. An increase in osteoresorption and a low level of osteogenesis were found by using NCI. © Yildiz K., Yildiz V., 2020

Social and educational technologies in professional education

The transformation of educational space has led to the renewal of requirements for students training. The modern goal of professional education is the formation of students ' competence. In this regard, there is a need to find the most effective ways to develop students’ competence. The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of implementing social and educational technologies as an important component of the process of professional competence development. The article is devoted to the role of social and educational technologies employed to train students of higher professional educational institutions. The authors reveal the essence of educational technologies, their capabilities and significance for potential of future graduates. Social and educational technologies in the process of professional training of students perform the following functions: corrective, diagnostic and organizational. Against the background of professional competence development, these technologies perform such tasks as the development of moral qualities, orientation to universal values, the formation of humanistic views, skills of working with a team, leadership qualities, the formation of ideas about the importance of future professional activities, planning skills, management of a group of people.Focusing on the fact that highly qualified specialists’ training, according to the requirements of the state and society, should be versatile and include not only formation of professional skills, but also high moral and personal qualities that help in effective interaction provision, the authors of the article cite a study that allows to highlight the importance of social and educational technologies. The authors reveal process of social project implementation by students which is carried out in the framework of social project technologies. The possibilities of the social project allow introducing it into the activities of students of all courses of study to develop professional competence

Global Distribution of CO2 VMR in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere and Long-Term Changes Observed by SABER

No abstract availabl

Validation of the Global Distribution of CO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Volume Mixing Ratio in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere from SABER

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite has been measuring the limb radiance in 10 broadband infrared channels over the altitude range from ~ 400 km to the Earth\u27s surface since 2002. The kinetic temperatures and CO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have been simultaneously retrieved using SABER limb radiances at 15 and 4.3 μm under nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) conditions. This paper presents results of a validation study of the SABER CO2 VMRs obtained with a two-channel, self-consistent temperature/CO2 retrieval algorithm. Results are based on comparisons with coincident CO2 measurements made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and simulations using the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD-WACCM). The SABER CO2 VMRs are in agreement with ACE-FTS observations within reported systematic uncertainties from 65 to 110 km. The annual average SABER CO2 VMR falls off from a well-mixed value above ~80 km. Latitudinal and seasonal variations of CO2 VMRs are substantial. SABER observations and the SD-WACCM simulations are in overall agreement for CO2 seasonal variations, as well as global distributions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Not surprisingly, the CO2 seasonal variation is shown to be driven by the general circulation, converging in the summer polar mesopause region and diverging in the winter polar mesopause region. Key Points Mean SABER CO2 distribution is validated against SD-WACCM and ACE-FTS data SABER and ACE-FTS mean CO2 VMR agree within 5% below 90 km up to 20% at 110 km SD-WACCM and SABER CO2 spatial and seasonal distribution show a good agreement. © 2015. American Geophysical Union

Revised Correlation between Odin/OSIRIS PMC Properties and Coincident TIMED/SABER Mesospheric Temperatures

The Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument on board the Odin satellite detects Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) through the enhancement in the limb-scattered solar radiance. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using the Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the TIMED satellite is a limb scanning infrared radiometer that measures temperature and vertical profiles and energetic parameters for minor constituents in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The combination of OSIRIS and SABER data has been previously used to statistically derive thermal conditions for PMC existence [Petelina et al., 2005]. a, A.A. Kutepov, W.D. Pesnell, In this work, we employ the simultaneous common volume measurements of PMCs by OSIRIS and temperature profiles measured by SABER for the Northern Hemisphere summers of 2002-2005 and corrected in the polar region by accounting for the vibrational-vibrational energy exchange among the CO2 isotopes [Kutepov et al., 2006]. For each of 20 coincidences identified within plus or minus 1 degree latitude, plus or minus 2 degrees longitude and less than 1 hour time the frost point temperatures were calculated using the corresponding SABER temperature profile and water vapor densities of 1,3, and 10 ppmv. We found that the PMC presence and brightness correlated only with the temperature threshold that corresponds to the frost point. The absolute value of the temperature below the frost point, however, didn't play a significant role in the intensity of PMC signal for the majority of selected coincidences. The presence of several bright clouds at temperatures above the frost point is obviously related to the limitation of the limb geometry when some near- or far-field PMCs located at higher (and warmer) altitudes appear to be at lower altitudes

About of unsatisfactory outcomes of transpedicular fixation

Research objective. The analysis ol results of transpedicular fixation of spine for the purpose of revealing of unsatisfactory outcomes and complications. Material and methods. Results of operative treatment of 96 patients with not complicated thoracic and lumbar vertebras are analyzed. All patients make a backbone osteosynthesis by transpedicular fixator. Results. Following the results of inspection of patients in terms from 1 till 5 years the received results can be divided as follows: crises of cores of a design with unextracted fragments of a clamp - 9 cases (9 % ); the inflammation of soft fabrics which had superficial character - 3 (3 % ); carrying out of cores by anatomic reference points - 2 (2 % ); presence kyphosis the deformation significantly influencing change of an axis of a backbone in a lateral projection - 2 (2 % ); preservation deformity of a vertebra on preoperation level after removal of construction - 5 (5 % ). The conclusion. Use of complex system of preventive maintenance of unsatisfactory outcomes and optimization of operative reception of transpedicular fixation at not complicated thoracic and lumbar vertebras will allow to improve results of treatment of the given category of patients.Цель исследования. Анализ результатов транследикулярного остеосинтеза позвоночника с целью выявления неудовлетворительных исходов и осложнений. Материал и методы. Проанализированы результаты оперативного лечения 96 пациентов с неосложненными переломами нижнегрудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника. Всем больным произведен остеосинтез позвоночника погружной транспедикулярной конструкцией. Результаты. По итогам обследования пациентов в сроки от 1 до 5 лет полученные результаты можно разделить следующим образом: переломы стержней конструкции с неудаленными фрагментами фиксатора - 9 % ; воспаление мягких тканей, носившее поверхностный характер - 3 % ; проведение стержней мимо анатомических ориентиров - 2 % ; наличие кифотической деформации, значимо влияющей на изменение оси позвоночника в боковой проекции - 2% ; сохранение клиновидности позвонка на дооперационном уровне после удаления металлофиксатора - 5%. Заключение. Использование комплексной системы профилактики неудовлетворительных исходов и оптимизации оперативного приема транспедикулярного остеосинтеза позвоночника при неосложненных переломах нижнегрудных и поясничных позвонков позволит улучшить результаты лечения данной категории больных

Magnetism and Charge Dynamics in Iron Pnictides

In a wide variety of materials, such as copper oxides, heavy fermions, organic salts, and the recently discovered iron pnictides, superconductivity is found in close proximity to a magnetically ordered state. The character of the proximate magnetic phase is thus believed to be crucial for understanding the differences between the various families of unconventional superconductors and the mechanism of superconductivity. Unlike the AFM order in cuprates, the nature of the magnetism and of the underlying electronic state in the iron pnictide superconductors is not well understood. Neither density functional theory nor models based on atomic physics and superexchange, account for the small size of the magnetic moment. Many low energy probes such as transport, STM and ARPES measured strong anisotropy of the electronic states akin to the nematic order in a liquid crystal, but there is no consensus on its physical origin, and a three dimensional picture of electronic states and its relations to the optical conductivity in the magnetic state is lacking. Using a first principles approach, we obtained the experimentally observed magnetic moment, optical conductivity, and the anisotropy of the electronic states. The theory connects ARPES, which measures one particle electronic states, optical spectroscopy, probing the particle hole excitations of the solid and neutron scattering which measures the magnetic moment. We predict a manifestation of the anisotropy in the optical conductivity, and we show that the magnetic phase arises from the paramagnetic phase by a large gain of the Hund's rule coupling energy and a smaller loss of kinetic energy, indicating that iron pnictides represent a new class of compounds where the nature of magnetism is intermediate between the spin density wave of almost independent particles, and the antiferromagnetic state of local moments.Comment: 4+ pages with additional one-page supplementary materia

Investigation of bone tissue mechanical properties in the supra-acetabular region

Introduction The investigation of the trabecular bone strength in the acetabular area and its dependence on age and gender may provide a theoretical basis for the development of implants for bone replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical characteristics of the bone tissue in the supra-acetabular region in patients of different age groups. Materials and methods The cadaveric material of 60 patients was studied and included 20 young patients (age range, 18 to 44), 20 middle-aged patients (age range 45 to 59) and 20 elderly patients (age range, 60 to 74). Fragments of bone tissue 3 × 3 × 1.5 cm in size were removed from the supraacetabular region using an osteotome. Cylindrical specimens, 6 mm in diameter and 9 mm high, were produced from these fragments using a crown cutter. All samples were subjected to uniaxial compression at a loading rate of 1 mm/min. Results Comparison of male patients for each of the mechanical parameters did not reveal age differences (p > 0.05). In women of different age groups, the magnitude of elastic deformation was significantly different both by multiple analysis and in pairwise comparison of groups (p 0.05). Discussion The data obtained on the mechanical behavior of the trabecular bone and the values of the strength parameters are explained by the spatial arrangement of the fibers of structural proteins, the cross-linking profile of collagen, the degree of matrix mineralization, the structure of hydroxyapatite, and the amount of bound water. Conclusion In male patients, mechanical characteristics of the bone tissue in the supra-acetabular region do not change significantly with age. In women, the value of elastic deformation increases significantly with age. The maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity in women of different ages did not show any changes © Udintseva M.Yu., Zaitsev D.V., Volokitina E.A., Antropova I.P., Kutepov S.M., 202